Folk wisdom and common sense features. The variety of ways of knowing the world
Human cognitive activity is very diverse. There are many ways to know the world. One of them is science and philosophy. Non-scientific forms of knowledge include mythology, religion, art, literature, life experience, folk wisdom.
Philosophy and science did not exist at all stages of the development of human society, not at all times and not among all peoples.
The science- the sphere of human activity, the task of which is the development and theoretical systematization of objective knowledge about reality. The system of developing knowledge, which is achieved through appropriate methods of cognition, is expressed in precise terms, the truth of this knowledge is verified and proved in practice. Key points scientific knowledge:
1. Recognition of the reality of the world
2. Recognition of the cognizability of the world by man
3. Belief in the rationality and laws of the world order.
Philosophy. The concept of "philosophy" appeared among the ancient Greeks and is often translated as "love of wisdom" ("love of wisdom"; Greek "phileo" - love, "sophia" - wisdom).
Philosophy, unlike private sciences, religion and art, is not limited to one subject or sphere of reality. Philosophy tries to cover both the natural world, and the supernatural, and the inner world of man. Philosophy does not have a specific subject, because the questions that philosophy poses are too global and complex. A subject is something that can be strictly defined. A philosophical content can be seen everywhere. In an effort to embrace the whole world in its unity, philosophy raises questions of an ultimate nature: What is the essence of the world? What are its origins? By what laws is the world organized and developing, or are there no laws in it? Why is the world like this? What is the meaning of the history of society? What is the meaning of human life? Or maybe there is no meaning and purpose, and human life is just the will of blind chance? Do we know the world? etc. The content of philosophy can be seen in everything that exists. Philosophy considers this multifaceted world from all sides, seeks to embrace the whole of reality in its unity. Philosophy is characterized by the idea that the world has an internal unity.
Philosophy has its own special method - a rational (from Latin rationalis - reasonable) way of explaining reality. Philosophy strives for logical argumentation and validity. In this it differs from such forms of spiritual culture as religion, mythology and art, which do not set the task of explaining it rationally. philosophical knowledge is based not on faith, artistic image or fantasy, but on reason.
Unscientific knowledge
Mythology. Myth is the most ancient form of social consciousness. It arose as a response to human questions about the origin and structure of the world, about the causes of natural phenomena, about the origin of animals and humans. Creating myths, the ancient people tried to explain the origin of the world and man, not aiming to prove anything; their fantastic ideas were taken for granted.
The main premises of mythological logic: 1) primitive man did not distinguish himself from the environment; 2) human thinking retained the features of interpenetration and indivisibility, and was almost inseparable from the emotional sphere.
The following features of mythological consciousness can be distinguished:
1) humanization of all nature, anthropomorphism (man transferred his features to the outside world, endowed the world with his properties and qualities; animation, intelligence, human feelings and often human appearance were attributed to natural objects, phenomena); 2) zoomorphism (features of animals were given to mythological ancestors).
The main functions of the myth:
1) explanation of the world order;
2) regulation of existing social relations.
The story about the events of the past serves in the myth not only as a means of describing the structure of the world, a way of explaining its current state, but also performs the function of a regulator of social relations. The cognitive attitude of people to the world was fixed in the collective memory, in the obligatory observance of unwritten requirements and prohibitions (taboos). The actions and actions of the heroes were fixed in traditions and became the standards of human behavior.
We can observe the mythological consciousness in today's life. Having appeared in the primitive period of human history, mythology has not disappeared, but continues to exist along with other religious and philosophical ideas. So, for example, a child from birth to about three years old is in a mythological space. He does not distinguish himself from the world, and everything around him is the same as himself. If the child hits the table, he knocks on it, trying to punish the object that hurt him. In children's drawings inanimate objects can be depicted with eyes, ears, smiles. Everything around in children's perception lives and feels.
Religion. The subject of religion is the supernatural world (spiritual), which cannot be touched and where it is impossible to experiment. In addition, religion does not set itself the task of proving anything, religion has a different purpose - unity inner world with God blessing. Religio (lat.) - connection, reunion; piety, shrine, object of worship, piety. Religion is a worldview and corresponding behavior based on a person's faith in God (in paganism - gods). Religion sets before man the task of spiritual perfection and "restoration of connection with God."
Art and literature. The subject of art and literature is, as a rule, the inner, spiritual world of a person, in which the external world is reflected in various forms. Art expresses and conveys feelings, moods, experiences and uses artistic images.
Life practice, experience Everyday life. A large amount of practical knowledge was given to people by the activities of an artisan, farmer, cook, doctor, builder, etc. An obligatory way of forming practical knowledge was learning from an experienced mentor, master, craftsman. In the process of learning, work, observation and manifestation of dexterity, professional skills are formed. In the process of acquiring life experience, a person learns not only practical knowledge, but also assessments, norms of behavior, and learns them without special efforts, acting according to the model.
Folk wisdom. The increase in the volume and complexity of people's activities led to the need to record knowledge, achievements of practice in the form of descriptions. Such descriptions contained, as it were, a generalized experience gathered together. different people and even many generations. This generalized practical knowledge forms the basis of folk wisdom. Folk wisdom is expressed in aphorisms, proverbs, sayings, riddles, fairy tales, etc.
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Slides captions:
The variety of ways of knowing the world
Antique times Opinion and knowledge are different The first (opinion) is not necessarily reliable. The second (knowledge) is reliable by definition. Opinion can change, but knowledge is inherent in stability.
Middle Ages Correlation between knowledge and faith The main difference is in evidence. Knowledge requires logical reasoning, but faith does not.
New time Identification of knowledge and science Scientific knowledge becomes the main object of epistemology - the theory of knowledge. Knowledge is divided into types: religious, everyday, mythological, philosophical, artistic and figurative.
Myth and knowledge of the world Myth is the earliest way of understanding natural and social reality. This is always a narrative, its truth was not subject to doubt, and the content was somehow connected with real life. Myths served as a way to preserve the life experience of peoples.
Experience of everyday life Life practice is a way of knowing the world. Most practical skills do not claim to be theoretical justification. For example, in order to use a TV, it is not necessary to know the principles of transmitting an image over a distance.
Folk wisdom Folk wisdom is generalized practical knowledge, experience of different people and even many nations. From the generalization of experience, sayings arose (Strike while the iron is hot), judgments (Ivanushka - the fool, in fact, is quite quick-witted).
Common sense Suggests what and how it is better to do or, on the contrary, to refuse any actions. For example, you do not know how to use the device. Common sense suggests asking a knowledgeable person or not touching it (the device) at all.
Cognition by means of art Art gives an idea of the artistic development of the world. A work of fiction gives an emotionally charged representation not only of what the heroes of the past looked like, but also of how they behaved in certain situations. This helps to feel the spirit of the times.
Where science ends Parascience (near-scientific knowledge), in contrast to common sense, is characterized by vague and mysterious information. It often demonstrates intolerance towards traditional science, appeals not to professionals, but to the masses.
In the spiritual experience of a person, along with the scientific, there are also various ways extra-scientific knowledge. They do not fit into the strict framework of scientific thinking, its language, style and methods. The variety of ways and means of cognition of the world testifies to the inexhaustible richness of the intellectual and spiritual culture of man, the perfection of his abilities and the huge potential of opportunities and prospects. Through a wide range of knowledge,
the surrounding world can be explained in different ways: not only by the feelings and mind of a scientist, but also by the spirituality of a believer, aesthetic images or moral standards.
It can be comprehended by the eye of the artist and sculptor, as well as by the typical, generic abilities of any individual. Only in this way is the truth known and comprehended - when considering an object from different angles, with the help of diverse ways of interpreting it.
Non-scientific ways and means of mastering the surrounding sea and oneself by a person include: ordinary, mythological, religious, artistic, moral knowledge and others.
In the spiritual and practical activity of a person, a prominent place is occupied by everyday knowledge. Sometimes it is called "everyday" (or "everyday") sensory reflection and thinking, "ordinary mind". It reflects the immediate, immediate conditions and content of people's life - the natural environment, life, economic and other processes in which each person is included every day. The core of everyday knowledge is the so-called common sense, which includes elementary correct information about the world. A person receives them in the course of his daily life and from other people through the transfer of cultural experience. Common sense serves the purposes of orientation in the world and its practical development. It is known, for example, that it is important for a person to know what can be consumed and what cannot be consumed, that water exists in a solid, liquid and vapor state, and boils when heated to 100 ° C, that it is dangerous to touch a bare electrical conductor, etc. P.
This form of cognition includes not only the simplest and most necessary knowledge about outside world, but also beliefs and ideals of a person, elements of folklore as a kind of crystallization of cognitive activity. Ordinary knowledge "grasps" superficial information about the connections of being: if birds began to fly low above the ground, it means to be raining; if there are a lot of red mountain ash in the forest, then this is for a cold winter. Within the framework of everyday knowledge, people are able to come to deep generalizations and conclusions that relate to their relationship to other social groups, to the political system in society, to the state. In such generalizations, there is folk wisdom, the sociocultural experience of peoples.
Everyday knowledge, especially of modern man, includes elements of scientific knowledge and ideas. In general, it develops spontaneously, “through life”, therefore it combines not only common sense, but also all kinds of prejudices, beliefs and superstitions, mysticism.
mythological knowledge appeared in ancient times, when there was no free individual with a developed intellect.
A myth is a fantasy emotional-figurative perception of the world, which has fixed itself in legends, legends and traditions, all sorts of fiction. In ancient myths, there was a humanization of the forces of the surrounding nature and spirit, which were incomprehensible to man and over which he still had no power. The world in the mythological consciousness is an arena of activity and rivalry of gods, titans, goblin, brownies, devils, etc., where a person is mainly a spectator of their fights and feasts.
From ancient mythology For example, naive ideas have come down to us about how the world arose from dark Chaos, how Earth and Sky, Night and Day, Light and Darkness were born, how the first living beings appeared - gods and people. Legends have been preserved about the almighty Zeus and the titan Ocean, about the guardian of the underworld Tartarus, about the golden-haired Apollo and the mighty Athena, about other deities. The legend about the hero Prometheus, who allegedly stole fire from the gods and gave it to people, was also preserved from antiquity, but was chained to a rock as punishment and doomed to eternal torment. Ancient myths left behind not only a figurative style of thinking and an emotionally colored worldview. They provided very rich food for artistic creation, the development of other forms of social consciousness and the entire culture of society.
Elements of myth-making also exist in the consciousness of modern society as archetypes of culture. This is due to the historical continuity of development spiritual world people, the needs not only in acquiring various true knowledge, but also in a fairly free, non-strict thinking associated with a dream, ideal, fantasy, hope.
Among the ways of human cognitive activity, a specific place is occupied by religious knowledge-comprehension. It is a dogmatic thinking based on belief in the religious supernatural, it includes a complex set of illusory ideas about the world. The essence of religion is belief in such a supernatural, with which a person can establish contact under special conditions, receive from the supernatural salvation, protection and other benefits, as well as punishment for sins and other negative actions. In many religions, the main supernatural is God as the creator of the world, his great creative deeds. In this sense, religious knowledge is knowledge of God. Religious feeling and thinking are based on supposedly unconditional dogmas. So, in Christianity, the main dogmas are the provisions on the trinity of God, on the creation of everything that exists by God from nothing, on the presence of the divine principle in everything earthly, including man himself.
Religious knowledge has formed its own picture of the world, which has left a huge imprint on the worldview of people and spirits.
helluva culture of mankind. Religion is one of the most important forms of the spiritual experience of mankind, which embodies the search for a more humane world than this imperfect earthly world.
One of the manifestations of extra-scientific comprehension by a person of the surrounding world is artistic reflection of reality. It represents thinking with artistic images, embodied in various forms of art and folk art. Artistic image in this case, it is the main means of cognition and comprehension of the world, a sensually visual embodiment of the object of cognition.
Knowledge of the world in art as a professional artistic creation is carried out with the help of such concepts as beautiful and ugly, comic and tragic, sublime and base, serious and playful. The most important types of art are theater, music, fine arts, architecture, cinema, audio and video art, fiction, etc. Each type of art has its own methods and means of cognition: sound in music, plastic image in sculpture, visually perceived image in painting, literary character, etc. Thanks to art, a person discovers the perfection, harmony and beauty of the surrounding reality and his being, learns to create a new world according to the laws of beauty. But initially, the artistic comprehension of being was formed in an unusually diverse and rich in content folk art.
The universalism of human cognitive activity is expressed philosophical knowledge. It is characterized by the desire to generalize and synthesize all other forms of cognitive activity, the closest connection with the entire spiritual culture of society. Philosophical knowledge is characterized by a specific language, a deeply personal attitude of the thinker to the object under study, and many other features. Philosophy seeks to bring the totality of information about the world into a coherent system, to understand everything that exists as one and diverse. Philosophy is an organic unity of scientific knowledge and everyday life wisdom of a person. Philosophizing means not only thinking about the world, but also asking about yourself in this world, about the meaning and goals of your own life. Philosophy is always in dialogue with other forms of knowledge - ordinary and scientific, mythological and religious, artistic. Its purpose is to comprehend the universal in being (the beginnings of being, its laws, connections and principles, properties), to find answers to the most important worldview questions. Philosophical intelligence - great gift and the acquisition of the spiritual culture of mankind.
Basic concepts Extra-scientific knowledge, everyday knowledge, mythological knowledge, religious knowledge, artistic knowledge, philosophical knowledge.
Various types of knowledge have been considered in history: rational and sensual, logical and illogical, scientific and non-scientific, ordinary and artistic, moral and philosophical, etc. And the process of cognition does not always take place at desks or in scientific laboratories. Not always people aspired to academic knowledge. Every prayer, said I.S. Turgenev, comes down to one thing: "Lord, make sure that twice two is not four."
Indeed, does humanity need faith in the miraculous?
What role did fantasy play in the process of knowing the truth?
Does art help you understand the world better? Let's think about these questions.
Even now, in the 21st century, most people do not get their information about the world from scientific treatises. Like mushrooms growing astrological forecasts, ads appear with promises to solve all problems from "famous" clairvoyants, mass wellness sessions on TV. Therefore, along with science, there are many ways of knowing. This will be discussed in the lesson, which I propose to conduct in the form of a role-playing game.
Myth and knowledge of the world.
Mythology
Man's attempts to create a picture of the universe were first carried out in the form of myths. For a long time myth was considered a fantastic fiction, a fairy tale created by ignorant savages. But in this case, it remains incomprehensible why a person in the conditions of a fierce struggle for existence would tell each other fairy tales?
Through the efforts of an entire generation of researchers, the importance of myth for development society.
What is a myth and how did it appear?
Myth is a word, a legend. By definition, N.A. Berdyaev, myth is desacralization (removal of holiness, mysticism, “secularization”) of secret, magical knowledge. It is said rather one-sidedly, but true in essence. Myth is really a word that establishes a connection between the real world and a secret, sacred world. bringing higher meanings into the world, the myth comprehends, arranges it, harmonizes it, makes it manageable.
The myth is the true Prometheus, who brought down heavenly fire (secret knowledge and hidden meaning) to the Earth and thus enlightened this world. Myth is a virginal, autocratic, royal word. Myth holds the world together: myth reproduces the world, protects it, restores order in it.
The myth thus appears, according to the definition of the Russian philosopher, religious thinker Alexei Fedorovich Losev (1893-1988), magic word(name), that is, a word that reveals the secret essence of the world and allows you to simultaneously influence the world, subdue it. In this incarnation (quality), myth is the forerunner of science in its transformative and cognitive role.
Today it has become clear that the most ancient forms of comprehension of the world not only do not remain at the origins of history, but continue to live. It turns out that the mythological consciousness is able to form new rings on the living tree of culture, new branches and give unexpected fruits. Bringing Meanings From Hidden Depths human soul, into which even science cannot look, is easily realized, of course, by myth. It is sometimes difficult to recognize him in a new modern guise - sometimes scientific, sometimes poetic, sometimes philosophical, but an experienced philosopher will immediately determine: before him is a modern myth.
So the myth lives, dies and is reborn again. It cannot be eliminated. After all, modern researchers can draw an abyss of knowledge from it.
Before you is one of the ancient Greek myths read it and answer the questions to it.
The first was Darkness, and out of Darkness came Chaos. From the union of Darkness with Chaos, Night, Day, Erebus (darkness) and Air arose.
Fate, Old Age, Death, Murder, Voluptuousness, Sleep, Dreams, Quarrel, Sadness, Annoyance, Nemesis, Inevitability, Joy, Friendship, Compassion, Moira (goddess of fate) and Hesperides (nymphs, guardians of golden apples of eternal youth).
From the union of Night, Air and Day, Gaia-Earth, Sky and Sea arose.
From the union of Air and Gaia-Earth, Fear, Tiresome Labor, Fury, Enmity, Deception, Oaths, Blinding of the soul, Intemperance, Arguments, Oblivion, Sorrows, Pride, Battles, as well as the Ocean, Metis (thought), titans, Tartarus (space , located in the very depths of space, below Hades), three erinnia, or furies (goddesses of revenge and remorse).
Giants arose from the union of the Earth and Tartarus.
The myths below were created by different peoples. But there is something that unites them all. What general idea do they carry? What can they tell us?
IN ancient egyptian mythology it is said that the first people were created by the god of fertility from clay on a potter's wheel.
The Akkadian myths contain information that the gods created people from clay in pairs, and then through the umbilical cord they instilled life into them.
The myths of the peoples of Scandinavia tell how the gods found the unfinished figures of the first pair of people on the seashore and revived them. The figures were made of different types of wood. So Ask (Ash) and Embla (Willow) were born.
Some peoples living in Burma and Bangladesh believe that humans are descended from birds.
The ancient Chinese myth of Pan-gu tells of the origin of the world from the parts of a dead creature. His breath became wind and clouds, his voice became thunder, his blood became rivers and reservoirs, his hair and mustache became constellations, sweat became rain and dew. People descended from insects that lived on the body of Pan-gu.
The Jaivats Indians believed that they descended from the monkey god Hanuman, who could fly, change his appearance, and could tear hills and mountains out of the ground. Some tribes of Tibet associate their origin with monkeys-ancestors. The tribes of the Malay Peninsula (Southeast Asia) have a legend that they are descendants of white monkeys.
Cognition as a form of spiritual activity exists
in society since its inception, passing
along with it certain stages of development.
On each of them, the process of cognition is carried out in
diverse and interconnected socio-cultural forms developed in the course of history
humanity.
Therefore, knowledge as a holistic phenomenon cannot be
reduce to any form, even if it is so important
as scientific, which does not "cover" knowledge
as such.
There are many different types of knowledge and forms
cognitive activity.
social
scientific
unscientific
self-knowledge
artistic
practical
parascientific
worldly
religious
mythological Kind of knowledge
mythological
Practical
Zhiteiskoe
artistic
parascientific
traits
examples mythological
Myth
from Greek word.
The rudiments of knowledge are connected,
elements of beliefs, etc.
Reflected understanding
natural phenomena.
Tells not only about
past, but also the future.
Indistinct division
subject and object, subject and
sign, spatial and
temporary relationships.
Replacing the scientific principle
explanations of things and the world as a whole,
origin story and
creation.
The humanization of nature, i.e.
transfer to the human world
crap.
Emotional figurative form
perception of the world.
Heroic - hide
real events.
Etiological - explain
origin of name,
rituals, customs.
Cosmogenic - about
origin of the world,
the origin of chaos in space, about
struggle of heroes and gods with
demonic powers.
Calendar - about the change of times
year, about the dead and risen
gods.
Eschatological - describe
the death of space, the end of the world and
space, about the resurrection of the world.
Biographical - birth,
origin, initiation
full age status, marriage,
death of mythological heroes http://www.mifinarodov.com/a/
anthropogonicheskie-mifyi.html
http://ec-dejavu.ru/e/Eschatology.html Practical
The basis is life experience
Knowledge is a side effect.
Mandatory way of formation,
apprenticeship with an experienced mentor.
Experienced knowledge contributes to its
language.
Most of the experience is not
requires theoretical justification.
Man acquires not only
practical knowledge, but also evaluates
code of Conduct. Absorbs without
model action efforts.
Practically used by man
unconsciously and in its application, not
requires advanced systems
evidence.
Unwritten character.
Human,
lived on
bank of a river or lake,
built a ship
for swimming on
waves.
Main
the result of such
activities should
was to become a ship, and
side - knowledge about
which tree
take like and than it
process what
shape
floating craft
movement. Zhiteiskoe
The basis
- folk wisdom
(aphorisms, sayings, proverbs,
riddles, etc.)
The basis of folk wisdom -
generalized practical knowledge
Different people.
Wisdom is the ability to understand
earthly events in themselves, without
correlation with the world of the gods.
hallmark folk
wisdom as a kind of code
command recipes for different
cases is that she does not
identical, contradictory.
Common sense - information
assimilated spontaneously, a phenomenon
conservative
chickens
in autumn they count /
Strike while the iron is hot
Can't get it without hard work
fish from the pond / Work not
the wolf will not run into the forest
"Hurry to do good" /
"Hurry up - people
make you laugh."
“Not knowing the ford, do not poke your head in
water” / “Risk is a noble
case".
"The old horse of the furrow does not
spoil" / "Old Fools
dumber than the young." artistic
holistic,
not dismembered
displaying the world and especially
person in the world.
expresses the aesthetic
person's attitude towards
reality.
The specific way is
use of artistic
image.
Literary account of the event
is not the event itself, but it
makes it possible to recreate
through the imagination of the reader.
With the help of artistic
art creates its own image
kind of hypothesis of the surrounding world
or its parts.
cognitive activity
very varied. parascientific
sins
haziness and mystery
the information she handles.
using information that is not confirmed in
experiment that do not fit into the accepted
theories or simply contradictory
common and proven practice
scientific knowledge.
claims to be universal.
don't try to answer questions
peremptorily uses such
formula, explaining with its help the reasons
diseases and other human manifestations.
overestimation of claims for attention to oneself.
Any suggestions for additional
examinations or checks are perceived as
insult and distrust.
avoiding specific explanations, striving
circumvent those facts that contradict or do not
consistent with the methods used.
mantika,
numerology,
necromancy,
ufology,
alchemy,
palmistry, Myth - (from Greek mythos - legend, legend) -
a story about gods, spirits, deified heroes and
ancestors that arose in primitive society. IN
myths intertwine the early elements of religion,
philosophy, science and art.
Myths different peoples have similar and
recurring themes and motifs:
1) myths about the origin of the world, the universe (cosmogonic
myths);
2) eschatological myths;
3) a person (anthropogonic myths);
4) about the origin of the sun (solar myths);
5) moons (lunar myths);
6) stars (astral myths);
7) myths about animals;
8) calendar myths;
9) myths about the origin and introduction of cultural goods
(making fire, the invention of crafts, agriculture);
10) myths about the establishment of certain social
institutions, marriage rules, customs and rituals. Eschatology
(from Greek eschatos -
extreme, last and logos - teaching) -
the doctrine of the final destinies of the world and
person.
Varies
individual eschatology, i.e. the doctrine of
the afterlife of a single human
souls,
and world eschatology, i.e. the doctrine of the goal
space and history and their end. Practical knowledge is the knowledge of how
act in the course of the transformation of natural and
social world, what properties do
materials, objects, what is the order of operations in
daily and specialized activities.
Folk wisdom, common sense.
Common sense (eng. - common sense) - common, inherent in
in one way or another, every person has a sense of truth and
justice, acquired with life experience.
Common sense does not rise to the level of scientific and
philosophical understanding of reality, but also
opposed to the artificial
constructions.
Common sense is fundamentally not knowledge. Quicker,
this is a way of selecting knowledge, then general illumination, thanks to
which in knowledge distinguishes between the main and the secondary and
extremes are outlined.