Collection of tests and test assignments in the discipline "fundamentals of philosophy". Philosophy tests to control residual knowledge Philosophy test 3rd year
1. The ideas of which direction in philosophy were clearly expressed in the activities of the “Vienna Circle”?
A) *neopositivism
B) philosophy of life
C) existentialism
D) personalism
E) postmodernism
2. A representative of Renaissance philosophy is:
A) *N. Cusanian
B) Epicurus
C) P. Abelard
D) R. Descartes
E) B. Spinoza
3. The idea of anthropocentrism belongs to the era
A) *Renaissance
B) Enlightenment
C) Middle Ages
D) Antiquity
E) New times
4. What was the central problem in the philosophy of N. Kuzansky:
A) *scientific ignorance
B) rational cognition
C) dual truth theory
D) the doctrine of monads
E) the doctrine of “innate ideas”
5. Modern philosopher who introduced the term “monad” as a spiritual unit of being:
A) *Leibniz
B) Bacon
C) Locke
D) Hobbes
E) Descartes
6. Teaches about the nature of changes in the world as a whole:
A) *dialectics
B) biology
C) chemistry
D) astronomy
E) history
7. The principle of “dual truth” includes:
A) *separation of scientific and religious truths
B) the idea of the relativity of truth
C) the idea of God as a source of knowledge
D) the idea that any proposition can be true or false
E) recognition of two principles as equal: spirit and matter
8. F. Bacon distinguishes four types of idols or ghosts. Determine what does not apply to idols, signs?
A) *Idols of the Universe
B) Idols of the Cave
C) Idols of the square
D) Idols of the family
E) Theater idols
9. Innate ideas were described in the philosophy of rationalism of the 17th century.
A) *Descartes
B) Leibniz
C) Spinoza
D) Bacon
E) Hobbes
10. The concept of substance is characteristic of philosophy:
A) *R. Descartes
B) M. Heidegger
C) A. Camus
D) P. Abelard
E) Mo Tzu
11. He considered deduction to be the main method of obtaining true facts:
A) *R. Descartes
B) Malebranche
C) F. Bacon
D) B. Pascal
E) J. Locke
12. R. Descartes solves the problem of ontology:
A) *dualistically
B) monistically
C) pluralistic
D) archaic
E) skeptical
13. “I think, therefore I exist.” Who is the author of the saying?
A) *R. Descartes
B) G. Hegel
C) Al-Farabi
D) Al – Kindi
E) Plato
14. The doctrine of a single substance was developed by:
A) *B. Spinoza
B) T. Hobbes
C) J. Bacon
D) J. Locke
E) D. Hume
15. The main method of obtaining true facts in the “New Organon” considered induction:
A) *F. Bacon
B) B. Pascal
C) R. Descartes
D) J. Locke
E) P. Gassendi
16. “It”, “I” and “super-ego” - concepts:
A) *Freudianism
B) phenomenology
C) structuralism
D) positivism
E) existentialism
17. In the philosophy of the New Age there were two following directions:
A) *empiricism-rationalism
B) nominalism-realism
C) agnosticism-idealism
D) there is no correct answer
E) absurdism – nihilism
18. The concept of “monad” refers to philosophy:
A) *G. Leibniz
B) Epicurus
C) F. Aquinas
D) F. Bacon
E) P. Gassendi
19. F. Bacon was a representative of the movement:
A) *empiricism
B) rationalism
C) nominalism
D) irrationalism
E) voluntarism
20. Kant’s work “Critique of Pure Reason” is devoted to the problems of:
A) *epistemology
B) axiology
C) politicians
D) being
E) society
21. Feuerbach refers to representatives:
A) *materialism
B) idealism
C) agnosticism
D) skepticism
E) rationalism
22. Kant’s work “Critique of Practical Reason” is devoted to the problems of:
A) *morality
B) epistemology
C) politicians
D) being
E) practices
23. “The starry sky is above me and moral law in me" - he expressed two main directions of his philosophy
A) *I. Kant
B) F. Schelling
C) G. Hegel
D) L. Feuerbach
E) I. Fichte
24. According to Feuerbach:
A) *Man created God
B) God created man
C) The Demiurge is the author of the universe
D) God created nature
E) Man is a wolf to man
25. “Philosophy of life” refers to:
A) *not classical philosophy
B) classical philosophy
C) rational philosophy
D) German classical philosophy
E) Enlightenment philosophy
26. The concept of “thing in itself” belongs to philosophy:
A) *I. Kant
B) G. Hegel
C) I. Fichte
D) F. Schelling
E) Socrates
27. The concept imperative means:
A) *law
B) principle
C) politics
D) happiness
E) contradiction
28. According to Feuerbach, the starting point of philosophy is:
A) *person
B) god
C) politics
D) cognition
E) apeiron
29. Who owned the words: “... act in such a way as to use a person for yourself as well as for another, always as an end and never only as a means”?
A) *I. Cantu
B) Socrates
C) Confucius
D) J. J. Rousseau
E) K. Jaspers
30. From the point of view of Kant’s philosophy, to know the essence of a thing:
A) *impossible
B) you can
C) he doesn't address this issue at all
D) he does not give a specific answer to this question
E) entity is missing
31. The laws of dialectics include:
A) *Law of the negation of negation
B) Law of natural selection
C) Law of Sufficient Reason
D) Law of the excluded middle
E) Law of Acceleration of History
32. Author of the work “Phenomenology of Spirit”:
A) *G. Hegel
B) B. Spinoza
C) G. Leibniz
D) I. Kant
E) Socrates
33. A special section of philosophy that deals with the problem of man is called:
A) *anthropology
B) praxeology
C) eristic
D) epistemology
E) archeology
34. Representative of existentialism:
A) *K. Jaspers
B) T. Kuhn
C) L. Feuerbach
D) M. Weber
E) I. Huizinga
35. Existence is a category of philosophy.
A) *Existentialism
B) Neopositivism
C) Neo-Thomism
D) Freudianism
E) Personalism
36. Denial of the effective presence of God in the world after the creation of the world:
A) *deism
B) pantheism
C) panentheism
D) atheism
E) theism
37. The fundamental idea of psychoanalysis is the idea:
A) *unconscious
B) understanding
C) being
D) absurd
E) authorities
38. Representative of “Philosophy of Life”:
A) *G. Simmel
B) A. Camus
C) M. Heidegger
D) K. Jaspers
E) R. Bart
39. The problem of man is central to 20th century philosophy:
A) *existentialism
B) scientism
C) positivism
D) neo-Thomism
E) pragmatism
40. The concept of a “borderline situation” is characteristic of philosophy:
A) *existentialism
B) German classical philosophy
C) Marxism
D) hermeneutics
E) the Middle Ages
41. A representative of critical rationalism is:
A) *K. Popper
B) G. Gadamer
C) J. -P. Sartre
D) E. Fromm
E) L. Wittgenstein
42. A person makes himself, finds his essence, already existing - this point of view is characteristic of:
A) *existentialism
B) positivism
C) neo-Thomism
D) personalism
E) hermeneutics
43. What does not apply to the forms of rational knowledge?
A) *Will
B) Concepts
C) Judgments
D) Inductive reasoning
E) Deductive reasoning
44. Name a philosophical concept that reflects the process of understanding one’s own spiritual processes, thinking about the methods of one’s thoughts and their social significance.
A) *Reflection (the principle of human consciousness)
B) Transcendental apperception
C) Maieutics
D) Empirio-criticism
E) Immanence
45. The concept of “verification” belongs to philosophy:
A) *neopositivism
B) psychoanalysis
C) hermeneutics
D) Thomism
E) postmodernism
46. The concept of “existence” is translated as:
A) *existence
B) freedom
C) equality
D) order
E) essence
47. From a philosophical point of view, a person is a being:
A) *biosocial
B) social
C) biological
D) religious
E) playing
48. One of the objects of study of structuralism is:
A) *sign systems
B) political theories
C) problems of values
D) economic problems
E) being
49. The representative of “hermeneutics” is:
A) *Gadamer
B) Nietzsche
C) Schopenhauer
D) Feyerabend
E) I. Lakatos
50. A representative of postmodernism is:
A) *F. Deleuze
B) A. Camus
C) J. P. Sartre
D) Marseille
E) A. Besant
51. The ancient sage Zeno tried to theoretically comprehend movement. What was the name of his evidence?
A) *aporia
B) theories
C) modes
D) attributes
E) ideas
52. According to Aristotle, matter is:
A) *potential prerequisite or possibility of the existence of a thing
B) Logos
C) the soul of any thing
D) cosmic mind
E) God
53. Ancient philosopher, author of the thesis “Man is the measure of all things”:
A) *Protagoras
B) Aristotle
C) Socrates
D) Plato
E) Gorgias
54. Founder of atomism:
A) *Democritus
B) Aristotle
C) Anaxagoras
D) Plato
E) Hume
55.V Ancient Greece the art of conversation is one of the forms:
A) *Dialectics
B) Dualism
C) Imagination
D) Knowledge
E) Metaphysicians
56. The nature of Plato's idea:
A) *Not material, but intelligible
B) Not material and incomprehensible
C) Refers to hostile concepts
D) Material, intelligible
E) Material, but not intelligible
57. Serenity, equanimity of spirit, calm contemplation eternal truth in ancient Greece it was believed:
A) *Highest value, ideal free man
B) Grounds for censure
C) A waste of time
D) The main disadvantage of philosophy
E) A sign of carelessness
58. Which of the listed ancient Greek philosophers belonged to the Eleatic school:
A) *Zeno
B) Heraclitus
C) Socrates
D) Democritus
E) Epicurus
59. According to Aristotle:
A) *Matter is passive, form is active
B) Matter is active, form is passive
C) Matter is infinite, form is finite
D) Matter and form are finite
E) Matter and form are infinite
60. Indicate the name of a philosopher who is not a representative of antiquity:
A) *Spinoza
B) Thales
C) Anaximenes
D) Anaximander
E) Heraclitus
61. An outstanding Roman orator and politician who united Greek and Roman cultures, a Latin genius who spread Greek thought throughout the world:
A) *Cicero
B) Plotinus
C) Seneca
D) Boethius
E) Marcus Aurelius
62. The concept “Li” means:
A) *Following ceremonies
B) Love
C) Following natural law
D) Following the dictates of the heart
E) Education
63. Saying “The morality of a noble man is like the wind, the morality of a lowly man is like grass. The grass bends where the wind blows” is typical of the philosophical school:
A) *Confucianism
B) Legalism
C) Taoism
D) Yin-Yang
E) Names
64. “Wu-wei” is the basic principle of the school:
A) *Taoism
B) Yin-Yang
C) Confucianism
D) Moism
E) Legalism
65. Managing society in Confucianism is compared to relationships:
A) *father and son
B) mother and children
C) trainer and trainee
D) husband and wife
E) officer and soldier
66. Founder of Taoism:
A) *Lao Tzu
B) Xunzi
C) Mencius
D) Kung Fu Tzu
E) Wenzi
67. The books of “Chinese education” include:
A) *5 books
B) 2 books
C) 3 books
D) 7 books
E) 4 books
68. The founder of the Jain teachings is considered to be:
A) *Mahavir Vardhamana
B) Buddha
C) Confucius
D) Charvaka
E) Lao Tzu
69. Sacred texts Ancient India:
A) *Vedas
B) Bible
C) Gospel
D) Koran
E) Runes
70. “Human life is suffering, the way out is in achieving nirvana” refers to the philosophical system:
A) *Buddhism
B) Taoism
C) Jainism
D) Charvaka
E) Vaisesika
71. The central idea of Jainism is:
A) *Principle of ha-himsa (non-harm)
B) Knowledge of everything that exists
C) Asceticism
D) The pursuit of happiness
E) Appeal to God
72. Ancient Indian system of materialism:
A) *charvaka
B) yoga
C) Vaisheshika
D) nyaya
E) Taoism
73. The first precept of Buddhism says:
A) *Life is suffering
B) Life is love for man
C) Life is a search for truth
D) Life is pleasure
E) Life is eternal and unchanging
74. Orthodox darshan schools include:
A) *nyaya
B) Buddhism
C) Jainism
D) lokayata
E) Confucianism
75. Buddha translated means:
A) *enlightened
B) righteous
C) reasonable
D) peaceful
E) immortal
76. The law of samsara means:
A) *law of the cycle of rebirths
B) the law of retribution
C) the law of the primacy of universal human values
D) the law of natural growth of needs
E) the law of dialectics
77. Real name of Buddha:
A) *Siddhartha Gautama
B) Lao Tzu
C) Charvaka
D) Anaxagoras
E) Gina
78. The term “patristics” means:
A) *teaching of the “church fathers”
B) creed
C) medieval philosophy
D) God's justification
E) the teachings of P. Abelard
79. What was the debate about between realists and nominalists:
A) *On the nature of general concepts (universals)
B) About God
C) About society
D) About human nature
E) About the possibility of knowledge
80. God’s justification for the existence of evil in the world and society:
A) *Theodicy
B) Theology
C) Teleology
D) Theogony
E) Theosophy
81. The “Golden Age of Scholasticism” falls on:
A) *13th century
B) 11th century
C) 14th century
D) 6th century
E) 2nd century
82. The debate between realists and nominalists took place in:
A) * medieval philosophy
B) ancient philosophy
C) philosophy of the New Age
D) Philosophy of the Enlightenment
E) philosophy of the Reformation
83. Creationism explains the origin of life:
A) *God's creation
B) emanation of an idea
C) manifestation of the will to live
D) self-organization of matter
E) appearance from space
84. Man in medieval philosophy was considered as:
A) *Image and likeness of God
B) Child of nature
C) The lowest creature in the hierarchy of creations
D) Self-sufficient creature
E) Part of Space
85. Dogma is an establishment, the truth of which is accepted:
A) *No proof
B) Through proof
C) Through observation
D) Through experiment
E) Empirically
86. A representative of the scholastic period is:
A) *Thomas Aquinas
B) Aurelius Augustine
C) Cicero
D) Zeno of Citium
E) Diogenes of Sinope
87. What is pantheism?
A) *omnitheism - recognition of the presence of God in all nature
B) recognition of the primacy of matter in relation to consciousness
C) the center of the entire universe is God
D) recognition that the mind is the main instrument of knowledge
E) recognition of the primacy of the spiritual principle
88. Christianity as a religion grew from the depths of:
A) *Judaism
B) Brahmanism
C) Confucianism
D) totemism
E) Islam
89. Augustine's main philosophical work is called:
A) *"Confession"
B) “About the mind”
C) "Studies on the Human Mind"
D) “On the immortality of the human soul”
E) “About Nature”
90. Which direction of medieval Arab-Muslim philosophy offers a mystical path to comprehending God?
A) *Sufism
B) Averroism
C) Eastern Peripatetism
D) Philosophy of orthodox Islam
E) Kalam
91. The meaning of the theory of “dual truth”, according to Ibn Rushd, is:
A) *Recognition as independent truths of faith and philosophical conclusions
B) The desire to make science and philosophy independent, to free them from the tutelage of religion
C) The existence of two truths: one for oneself and the other for others
D) Recognition as true of provisions that lead to a specific practical result and truth proven by logical means
E) Recognition of truth achieved at the sensory level as independent in contrast to truth achieved at the rational level
92. Medieval Europe knew Aristotle as stated:
A) *Al-Farabi
B) Al-Biruni
C) Augustine
D) Ibn Rushda
E) Al-Ghazali
93. In medieval Arabic-language thought, the term “falsafa” means:
A) *rational way of understanding the world
B) a mystical way of comprehending God
C) articles of faith
D) Islamic law
E) Muslim theology
94. The most important tradition adopted by Al-Farabi from ancient philosophy:
A) *Peripatetism
B) Hylozoism
C) Skepticism
D) Idealism
E) Mysticism
95. The first representative of Eastern Aristotelianism:
A) *Al-Kindi
B) Al-Farabi
C) Al-Biruni
D) Ibn Rushd
E) Ibn Sina
96. Who is the author of the work “The Canon of Medical Science”?
A) *Ibn Sina
B) Al-Farabi
C) Al-Biruni
D) Ibn Rushd
E) Al-Ghazali
97. Medieval Muslim philosophy has its origins in
A) *Arabia
B) Spain
C) Africa
D) Italy
E) Israel
98. The basis of neo-Thomism is the philosophy:
A) *Thomas Aquinas
B) Aurelius Augustine
C) Pierre Abelard
D) Tertullian
E) Aristotle
99. Islam is associated with the idea:
A) *strict monotheism
B) polytheism
C) pluralism
D) dualism
E) atheism
100. In the philosophy of Sufism, the main problem is a person’s attitude to:
A) *God
B) to himself
C) person
D) society
E) nature
101. Subject of philosophy:
A) *system " The world is a man»
B) “Superior-subordinate” system
C) system " Culture - people»
D) “Mechanisms-elements” system
E) “Culture-worldview” system
102. Category - :
A) *this is a general concept that reflects the general relationships between nature, society and knowledge, ideal forms of practical activity;
B) this general concepts, reflecting the relationship between nature and society;
C) these are general concepts that reflect the interrelationships of society and knowledge;
D) these are general concepts that reflect the relationship between nature and knowledge;
E) these are general concepts that reflect the relationship between nature and man.
103. Founder of Taoism:
A) *Lao Tzu
B) Mo Tzu
C) Xunzi
D) Mencius
E) Confucius
104. The substrate of all physical processes is:
A) *elementary particles:
B) molecules;
C) macrobodies;
D) stars;
E) galaxies.
105. The fundamental principle of dialectical thinking is the unity of dialectics:
A) *logic and theory of knowledge;
B) and methodology;
C) and speaking skills;
D) and the art of argument;
E) epistemology and methodology.
106. The dialectic of essence and appearance is as follows:
A) *the phenomenon is essential, the essence is;
B) phenomenon and essence are identical;
C) phenomenon and essence are independent of each other;
D) appearance is higher than essence;
E) essence is higher than appearance.
107. Choose a definition of matter that is philosophical:
A) *matter is objective reality given to us in sensations;
B) matter – substance, field and vacuum;
C) matter is molecules and atoms;
D) matter is everything that has mass and energy;
E) matter is simply the sound of a voice.
108. Select a group of categories that express the content of the law of unity and struggle of opposites:
A) *difference, opposition, contradiction;
B) substance, causality, interaction;
C) denial, denial of denial, withdrawal;
D) quality, quantity, measure;
E) possibility, reality, probability.
109. “Space and time are forms of our perception” - judgment:
A) *subjective idealism;
B) objective idealism;
C) metaphysical materialism:
D) dialectical materialism;
E) dualism.
110. What way of thinking is inherent in the formation of paired, polar categories?
A) *dialectics;
B) synergetics;
C) metaphysics;
D) sophistry;
E) eclecticism.
111. In the process of development, the law of mutual transition of quantitative and qualitative changes reveals:
A) *mechanism;
B) directionality;
C) reversibility;
D) source;
E) cyclicality.
112. Categories of dialectics:
A) *essence and phenomenon;
B) atomicity, valence;
C) circulation;
D) space;
E) eclecticism.
113. The structure of matter is understood as:
A) *internally dissected integrity, a natural order of connection of elements within the whole;
B) its absolute homogeneity;
C) lack of internal organization;
D) the presence of some elements;
E) internal emptiness.
114. Find the wrong thesis:
A) *Development is a linear process that occurs on an unchanging basis;
B) Development is a spasmodic dialectical process
C) Everything in the world flows, everything changes
D) Progress is the development of complex systems, which is characterized by a transition from lower to higher
E) The principle of development is a necessary methodological principle of the modern humanitarian title.
115. The levels of organization of non-living systems include:
A) *lithosphere
B) cell
C) social system
D) biocenosis
E) population
116. The classical definition of matter from the position of dialectical materialism is given in the work:
A) *"Materialism and empirio-criticism"
B) “Dialectics of Nature”
C) “Being and Time”
D) “One step back, two steps forward”
E) “On the movement of the celestial spheres”
117. The concept of movement is:
A) *absolute
B) relative
C) comparable
D) positive
E) negative
118. Space parameters include:
A) *height
B) angle
C) mass
D) degree
E) pressure
119. The desire to revive the ideals and values of antiquity is characteristic of the era:
A) *Renaissance
B) feudalism
C) Enlightenment
D) the Middle Ages
E) New times
120. The idea of dialectics was first outlined in philosophy:
A) *Heraclitus
B) Plato
C) Socrates
D) Aristotle
E) Epicurus
121. The theoretical formulation of dialectics was made:
A) *Hegel
B) Marx
C) Spencer
D) Hume
E) Kant
122. The laws of dialectics include:
A) *law of transition of quantitative changes into qualitative ones
B) the law of natural selection
C) law of sufficient reason
D) law of excluded middle
E) law of non-contradiction
123. The principle of universal connection belongs to:
A) *dialectics
B) dualism
C) skepticism
D) monism
E) pluralism
124. Philosophy that professes knowledge in its function of utility is called:
A) *pragmatism
B) Marxism
C) neo-Thomism
D) neo-empiricism
E) personalism
125. Reflection as a philosophical concept means:
A) *any changes in an object as a result of the influence of another object on it
B) any interaction of an object
C) an absolute copy of the reflected object
D) reproduction of the structure, properties of the reflected object
E) mirror reflection of one object in another
126. Truth is an adequate reflection of an object by a cognizing subject. This point of view belongs to:
A) *Marxism
B) pragmatism
C) existentialism
D) phenomenology
E) intuitionism
127. Stages of knowledge -:
A) *sensual and rational
B) everyday and scientific
C) theoretical and pragmatic
D) reason and sensation
E) observation and experience
128. Rational knowledge includes the following forms:
A) *concept, judgment, inference
B) sensation, perception
C) feelings, emotions, reason
D) “I”, “it”, beyond “I”
E) fantasy, fiction, guess
129. Select the definition of truth proposed by the mathematician Poincaré and it entered the history of science as a conventionalist concept of truth:
A) *truth is the result of agreement between scientists
B) truth - correspondence of knowledge to reality
C) truth – consistent knowledge
D) truth-result
E) a theory that is confirmed in practice and is beneficial is considered true
130. Two levels scientific knowledge:
A) *theoretical and empirical
B) physical and metaphysical
C) materialistic and idealistic
D) subjective and objective
E) ordinary and practical
131. What is the most fundamental criterion of truth from the position of dialectical materialism:
A) *practice
B) generally accepted
C) beauty
D) usefulness
E) distinctness and clarity
132. The statement that everything in the world is relative and only relative is:
A) *relativism
B) subjectivity
C) agnosticism
D) skepticism
E) none of the above
133. What is fundamental in the process of cognition?
A) *it is necessary to have a subject and an object of cognition
B) the presence of a subject of knowledge
C) availability of means of cognition
D) the presence of cognitive ability
E) the presence of absolute self-awareness
134. Method based on the transition from general knowledge to particular
A) *deduction
B) synthesis
C) induction
D) sociometry
E) analysis
135. Implicit awareness by people of social existence without special cognitive activity:
A) *everyday consciousness
B) ideology
C) theoretical consciousness
D) philosophy
E) science
136. Methodology is:
A) *the doctrine of scientific method knowledge
B) improvement, update
C) theory about the origin of the Universe
D) complete denial of generally accepted norms
E) doctrine of man
137. What is consciousness?
A) *subjective reality, purposeful reflection of reality
B) mental in general
C) sphere of thinking
D) the divine gift of awareness of oneself and the surrounding reality
E) sphere of sensuality
138. There are several definitions of reflection. Which one is philosophical?
A) *reflection is any reaction to any influence
B) reflection is a mirror image
C) reflection is a trace
D) reflection is a snapshot
E) reflection is an imprint
139. Mental image:
A) *ideal
B) material
C) visual
D) social
E) emotional
140. Art, morality, religion, politics are:
A) *forms of social consciousness
B) forms of mass consciousness
C) forms of everyday consciousness
D) shapes practical consciousness
E) forms of spiritual experience
141. In the “noosphere” model of human civilization, the main role is assigned to:
A) *science
B) nations
C) economics
D) the state
E) religion
142. The first main function of morality:
A) *regulatory
B) Educational
C) read notations
D) educational
E) organizational
143. Believing that value is a norm, he introduced the problem of values into sociology:
A) *Weber
B) Comte
C) Sorokin
D) Rickert
E) Dewey
144. The doctrine of beauty, of the beautiful in philosophy is called:
A) *aesthetics
B) epistemology
C) social philosophy
D) ethics
E) ontology
145. Spiritual values:
A) *Have both a practical and non-utilitarian nature
B) They are mystical in nature
C) Have a non-utilitarian character
D) Are practical in nature
E) Are of a playful nature
146. Human rights are one of:
A) * Universal values
B) Communication values
C) Material assets
D) Lifestyle values
E) Interdisciplinary values
147. Translated from Latin, the word “morality” means:
A) *Moral
B) reasonable
C) sensual
D) mental
E) immoral
148. Value relations are:
A) *Relations between people regarding the value systems existing in society
B) Relationships between people and values
C) The hierarchy of values accepted in a given society
D) Relationships between values
E) Interaction between devices
149. The subject of ethics is:
A) *morality as a phenomenon of social life;
B) a specific material thing;
C) the behavior of a particular person;
D) people's lifestyle;
E) features of informal groups.
150. Production and consumer values are:
A) *element of material assets;
B) an independent type of value;
C) element of social values;
D) the same as material assets;
E) technical system.
151. The essence of the mythological view of the world is:
A) *in the indivisibility, unity, integrity of the worldview;
B) in recognizing the substantial principle in the world;
C) in faith in the omnipotence of one God;
D) in contrast between man and nature;
E) in dividing the world into lower and higher spheres of existence
152. Philosophy is not characterized by the function:
A) *technological;
B) cognitive;
C) ideological;
D) educational;
E) cultural integration.
153. The transition of opposites into each other is the principle:
A) *Taoism;
B) Confucianism;
C) legalism;
D) Buddhism;
E) Jainism.
154. The cause of human suffering according to Buddhism:
A) *in the thirst for desires;
B) in the worship of heaven;
C) in the pursuit of nirvana;
D) in worship of the spirits of ancestors;
E) in love for a person.
155. The formula for the identity of being and thinking was derived by the ancient Greek philosopher:
A) *Parmenides;
B) Pythagoras;
C) Heraclitus;
D) Socrates;
E) Plato.
156. The author of the philosophical doctrine of “matter” and “form” was:
A) *Aristotle;
B) Socrates;
C) Heraclitus;
D) Democritus;
E) Plato.
157. The philosophical views of Heraclitus of Ephesus, Zeno of Elea... are related:
A) *spontaneous dialectics;
B) spontaneous learning;
C) poetry;
D) spontaneous materialism;
E) spontaneous idealism.
158. The followers of Aristotle's philosophy are called:
A) *peripatetics;
B) skeptics;
C) scholastics;
D) realists;
E) nominalists.
159. Created the doctrine of the earthly City and the heavenly City:
A) *A. Augustine;
B) Iamblichus;
C) F. Aquinas;
D) Plotinus;
E) Demosthenes.
160. A theocentric worldview can be called a worldview:
A) *the Middle Ages;
B) the era of Antiquity (Ancient Greece);
C) Renaissance;
D) the era of the Scientific Revolution;
E) the Age of Enlightenment.
161. Patristics is:
A) *the totality of theological and philosophical views of Christian thinkers.
B) the principle according to which God created living and inanimate nature out of nothing;
C) the principle of taking one principle as the basis of all things;
D) a philosophical position according to which any
the material body has a soul;
E) aesthetic teaching;
162. Philosophy has become the “handmaiden of theology.” What period of the history of philosophy does this characteristic correspond to?
A) *the era of the Middle Ages.
B) the Renaissance;
C) new time;
D) the Age of Enlightenment;
E) antiquity;
163. The main trend in the thinking, ideology and culture of the Renaissance is:
A) *transition from theocentric to anthropocentric understanding
peace;
B) the fight against anthropocentrism;
C) desire for a peaceful existence;
D) return to a cosmocentric worldview;
E) obscurantism.
164. Founder of the heliocentric system of the world:
A) *N. Copernicus;
B) Ptolemy;
C) Archimedes;
D) Laplace;
E) G. Galileo.
165. Pantheism is the doctrine of unity:
A) *god and nature;
B) ideas and matter;
C) reason and will;
D) knowledge and faith;
E) time and space.
166. The recognition of two independent substances - thinking and extended - belongs to:
A) *R. Descartes;
B) F. Bacon;
C) T. Hobbes;
D) B. Spinoza;
E) J. Locke.
167. Founder of new European rationalism:
A) *R. Descartes;
B) T. Hobbes;
C) I. Kant;
D) J. Locke;
E) G. Leibniz.
168. Bacon called obstacles to the path of knowledge caused by the use of incorrect words, most common in markets and public places:
A) *idols of the square;
B) idols of the cave;
C) theater idols;
D) idols of the family;
E) pluralism.
169. Logical form the inference underlying empiricism is called:
A) *induction;
B) deduction;
C) analysis;
D) synthesis;
E) analogy.
170. According to F. Bacon, the meaning, vocation and tasks of science are:
A) *public benefit and improvement of people's lives;
B) achieving fame and power;
C) development of the human spirit and knowledge of the world;
D) achieving absolute truth;
E) resolution of scientific disputes.
171. The philosophy of the New Age was based on authority:
A) *sciences;
B) person;
C) society;
D) churches;
E) states.
172. All knowledge begins, according to Kant:
A) *feelings;
B) truth;
C) emotions;
D) mind;
E) experience.
173. According to F. Bacon, empiricism is:
A) *experience based on experiment;
B) isolated sensory perception;
C) the form inherent in the thing itself;
D) a mental image of a thing, reflected in consciousness;
E) symbolic sign.
174. According to the teachings of Spinoza, there is only one substance - this is:
A) *nature-God;
B) matter;
C) apeiron;
D) atom;
E) electron.
175. The founders of dialectical-materialist philosophy are:
A) *K. Marx and F. Engels;
B) Leucippus and Democritus;
C) F. Bacon and R. Descartes;
D) G.V. Plekhanov and V.I. Lenin;
E) P. Holbach and C. Helvetius.
176. The main criterion of the Marxist typology of society is:
A) *level of development of the productive forces of society;
B) specific legal and legislative forms;
C) geographical location;
D) the level of technical and scientific development of society;
E) level of development of spiritual culture.
177. Engels reproached the materialist philosophy of the New Age because of the presence in its features of:
A) *mechanistic;
B) voluntarism;
C) rationalism;
D) hylozoism;
E) dialectical.
178. The main stage in the development of medieval philosophy is:
A) *scholasticism;
B) sophistry;
C) dialectic
D) metaphysics
E) standing
179. Three stages of the intellectual evolution of humanity according to O. Comte:
A) *theological, metaphysical, positive;
B) religious, ethical, metaphysical;
C) aesthetic, ethical, metaphysical;
D) religious, scientific, positive;
E) mythological, philosophical, religious.
180. Author of the formational concept of division historical process is:
A) *K. Marx;
B) K. Jaspers;
C) O. Spengler;
D) P. Sorokin;
E) G. Hegel.
181. Insert the missing word into Marx’s quote:
“Industrial relations constitute real... . , above
by which the legal and political superstructure rises":
A) *basis;
B) production method;
C) process;
D) complex;
E) real element.
182. Choose the correct definition that reflects the philosophy of Marxism:
A) *the people are the creator of history;
B) the individual is the creator of history;
C) the individual is the creator of history;
D) the world spirit is the creator of history;
E) God is the creator of history.
183. “World Will” in the philosophy of A. Schopenhauer:
A) *unconscious;
B) hyperconscious;
C) intuitive;
D) divine;
E) sensual.
184. Philosophical and scientific consideration of the Universe:
A) *cosmology
B) eschatology
C) astrology
D) geology
E) astronomy
185. The central concept of Russian Slavophilism:
A) *Sobornost
B) Theoretical reason
C) All-unity
D) Grace
E) Absolute spirit
186. In the philosophy of V. S. Solovyov, the central category is unity:
A) *dialectical
B) historical
C) negative
D) natural
E) positive
187. “Conciliarity” is:
A) *Spiritual unity
B) Spiritual experience
C) Rural community
D) Absolutization of the individual principle
E) Submission to divine will
188. Soloviev, Florensky representatives:
A) *religious philosophy;
B) Westerners;
C) Slavophiles;
D) sophists;
E) intuitionists.
189. What did Marx absolutize in his theory of social formations:
A) *basis priority over setting
B) priority of bank capital
C) the role of politics
D) the role of the working class
E) the role of labor
190. This zhyrau was obsessed with the search for the promised land - zher-uyek and criticized Khan Jangir. His name:
A) *Asan-kaigy;
B) Shal-akyn;
C) Korkyt-ata;
D) Bukhar-zhyrau;
E) Dospambet-zhyrau.
191. Founder of German classical philosophy:
A) *Kant
B) Hegel
C) Fichte
D) Marx
E) Feuerbach
192. “Man is a symbolic animal” - this is the definition of man:
A) *Ernst Cassirer;
B) Friedrich Nietzsche;
C) Max Scheler;
D) Arnold Gehlen;
E) Helmut Plesner.
193What does the concept of “metaphysics” mean in the system of ancient thinking:
A) *the doctrine of the first causes of existence
B) the main element of the universe
C) sensory perception
D) the science of correct, consistent thinking
E) wisdom
194. The author of the ethics of reverence for life is:
A) *Albert Schweitzer;
B) Oswald Spengler;
C) Bertrand Russell;
D) Ludwig Wittgenstein;
E) Erich Fromm.
195. Verification of the truth procedure in logical positivism
called:
A) *verification;
B) consolidation;
C) specialization;
D) falsification;
E) exteriorization.
196. The criterion for the scientific rationality of a theory according to K. Popper is:
A) *fundamental falsifiability;
B) connection with practice;
C) logical correlation with previous knowledge;
D) usefulness;
E) consistency.
197. The new art of the twentieth century has become “inhuman,” abstract, cold and ironic, as the author of the work “Dehumanization of Art” believed:
A) *Ortega y Gasset;
B) Spengler;
C) Nietzsche;
D) Fromm;
E) Marx.
198. Sensually visual image, stored in memory and reproduced in consciousness:
A) *presentation
B) perception
C) sensation;
D) judgment
E) concept
199. The way of existence of matter in Marxist-Leninist philosophy is:
A) *movement;
B) time;
C) space;
D) interdependence;
E) causation.
200. Select the concept of space and time that is now generally accepted, based on the achievements of science:
A) *relational;
B) substantial;
C) quantum;
D) energy;
E) transcendental.
SUBJECT OF PHILOSOPHY
1.C Greek language the word "philosophy" is translated as:
love of wisdom
2. For the first time he used the word “philosophy” and called himself a “philosopher”:
3. Determine the time of emergence of philosophy:
VII-VI centuries. BC.
4. The fundamentals of existence, problems of knowledge, the purpose of man and his position in the world are studied by:
philosophy
5. Worldview form of social consciousness, rationally substantiating the ultimate foundations of existence, including society and law:
philosophy
6. The worldview function of philosophy is that:
philosophy helps a person understand himself, his place in the world
7. Worldview is:
a set of views, assessments, emotions that characterize a person’s attitude to the world and to himself
8. What is the meaning of G. Hegel’s statement that “philosophy is an epoch captured by thought”?
The course of history depends on the direction of thinking of philosophers
9. Defining feature religious worldview is:
belief in supernatural, otherworldly forces that have the ability to influence the course of events in the world
11.What is characteristic of the epistemic line in philosophy?
viewing reality as constantly evolving
12. Ontology is:
the doctrine of existence, its fundamental principles
13. Epistemology is:
the doctrine of nature, the essence of knowledge
14. Anthropology is:
doctrine of man
15. Axiology is:
doctrine of values
16. Ethics is:
the doctrine of morality and moral values
17. Section of philosophy in which problems of knowledge are developed
Epistemology
18.According to Marxist philosophy, the essence of the main question of philosophy is:
relation of consciousness to matter
19. Idealism is characterized by the following statement:
consciousness is primary, matter does not exist independently of consciousness
20.Dualism is characterized by the following thesis:
matter and consciousness are two principles that exist independently of each other
21.Who owns this statement: “I assert that there are no things. We're just used to talking about things; in fact, there is only my thinking, there is only my “I” with its inherent sensations. The material world only seems to us, is it just a certain way of talking about our feelings”?
To the subjective idealist
22.What historical type of worldview are we talking about here: “This is a holistic worldview, in which various ideas are linked into a single figurative picture of the world, combining reality and fantasy, the natural and the supernatural, knowledge and faith, thought and emotions”?
23. Some Christian theologians claim that the whole world. The entire Universe was created by God in six days, and God himself is a disembodied intellect, an all-perfect Personality. What philosophical direction does this view of the world correspond to?
Objective idealism
24. A representative would agree with the statement: “Thinking is the same product of the activity of the brain as bile is a product of the activity of the liver”:
vulgar materialism
25. Agnosticism is:
doctrine that denies the knowability of the essence of the objective world
26. Agnosticism is:
direction in the theory of knowledge, which believes that adequate cognition peace is impossible
27. They deny the possibility of knowing the world:
agnostics
28. The direction of Western European philosophy, which denies the cognitive value of philosophy, the presence of its own, original subject:
positivism
PHILOSOPHY OF THE ANCIENT EAST
29. The law of retribution in Indian religion and religious philosophy, which determines the nature of the new birth of reincarnation:
30.Name of the founder of Buddhism, meaning awakened, enlightened:
31.Name of the founder of Buddhism
Sidhartha
32. The central concept of Buddhism and Jainism, meaning the highest state, the goal of human aspirations:
33. The concept of ancient Chinese philosophy, denoting the masculine, bright and active principle:
34. The concept of ancient Chinese philosophy, denoting the feminine, dark and passive principle:
35.The idea of a “noble husband” as an ideal person was developed by:
Confucius
36. What do the concepts of Brahman in Vedanta and apeiron in the philosophy of Anaximander mean:
Higher intelligence
37. In the philosophy of Heraclitus, the word Logos means world law, world order, to which everything that exists is subordinated. Which concept of Chinese philosophy has the same meaning:
38.What does the concept of “dharma” mean in traditional Indian philosophy:
An eternal moral law that prescribes from above for everyone a certain way of life.
39.Ancient Indian philosophical texts include
Upanishads
40.Ancient Chinese philosophical texts include
Tao Te Ching
41.In Indian philosophy - the total sum of committed actions and their consequences, which determines the nature of the new birth
42.Chinese philosopher, founder of Taoism
43.The golden rule of morality: “What you don’t wish for yourself, don’t do to others” was first formulated:
Confucius
PHILOSOPHY OF ANCIENT GREECE
44.Chronological framework for the development of ancient philosophy:
VI century BC – VI century AD
45.The basic principle of ancient philosophy was:
cosmocentrism
46. The main problem solved by philosophers Milesian school:
problem from the beginning
47. Thesis belonging to the thinker Thales:
"Know Thyself"
48. Thesis belonging to the thinker Thales
"The beginning of all things is water"
49. Anaximenes took the first principle of all things
50.The statement: “Number is the essence and meaning of everything that is in the world” belongs to:
Pythagoras
51. Follower of Pythagoras, the first to draw the system of the world and place the Central Fire at the center of the universe
Parmenides
52. For the first time the concept of being was used in philosophy
Parmenides
53. Movement, any change is only an illusion of the sensory world, they argued:
54. Representatives of which philosophical school posed the problem of being, contrasted the world of feelings with the world of reason and argued that movement, any change is only an illusion of the sensory illusory world:
Eleatic
55.What do you think, the hypothetical dispute of which philosophers was depicted by A.S. Pushkin in the poem “Movement”?
Zeno and Heraclitus
56. An ancient philosopher who believed that you cannot enter the same river twice:
Heraclitus
57.Which of the ancient philosophers taught that everything develops, that the first cause of the world and its fundamental principle is fire, that you cannot enter the same river twice?
Heraclitus
58. The concept of “Logos” in the philosophical teachings of Heraclitus means:
Universal law, the action of which everything in the world is subject to
59. For the first time expressed the idea of the atomic structure of matter:
Democritus
60. The statement: “Man is the measure of all things” belongs to:
Protagoras
62.Knowledge according to Socrates is identical:
virtues
63.The essence of Socrates’ “ethical rationalism”:
virtue is the result of knowing what is good, while lack of virtue is the result of ignorance
64.Objective-idealistic philosophy was founded by:
Plato
65. In antiquity, the merit of the discovery of the supersensible world of ideas belongs to:
66. In Plato’s philosophy, how does the idea of a “horse” differ from a real, living, real horse? Please indicate the wrong answer.
The idea is immortal, eternal, the real horse is mortal
67. In Plato’s philosophy, the idea of a “horse” differs from a real, living horse in that:
the idea is material, the real horse is ideal
68. The statement that the soul before the birth of a person was in the world of ideas, therefore in the process of cognition it is able to remember them, belongs to:
69. The source of knowledge is the soul’s recollection of the world of ideas, believed:
70. Philosopher who considered logic the main tool of knowledge:
Aristotle
71. Philosopher, student of Plato:
Aristotle
Aristotle
73.According to Aristotle, the human soul does not include
Mineral soul
74.Essence ethical teaching Epicurus is that:
you need to enjoy life
75.Roman poet, follower of Epicurus, author of the poem “On the Nature of Things”
76.The statement: “It’s not what happens to us that matters, but how we relate to it” corresponds to the worldview:
77.Roman philosopher, teacher of Nero, author of “Letters to Lucillius”, representative of Stoicism
78. The philosopher who lived in a barrel considered himself a “citizen of the world” and called for poverty and ignorance
Diogenes of Sinope
MEDIEVALISM
79.A characteristic feature of medieval philosophy is:
theocentrism
80.Which of the following features is not typical for medieval philosophical thought?
81. Theocentrism is a worldview position based on the idea of primacy:
82. Philosophy in the Middle Ages occupied a subordinate position in relation to:
theology
83. The set of religious doctrines and teachings about the essence and action of God:
theology
84.Works of early Christian literature not included in the biblical canon, i.e. recognized by the official church as “false”
Apocrypha
85.Eschatology is
The doctrine of the ultimate destinies of the world and man
86. Savior, deliverer from troubles, anointed of God
1.Philosophy was originally understood as: 1) love to wisdom 2) the soul of culture 3) the science of man 4) the doctrine of absolute truth
2. The theoretical core, the core of spiritual culture is called: 1) art 2) science 3)philosophy 4)mythology
3. The theoretical nature of the analysis of universal connections in the “man - world” system is a distinctive feature of: 1) religion 2) science 3) mythology 4 )philosophy
4.Helping a person understand his place in nature and society, philosophy performs the function of: 1) humanistic 2) methodological 3) axiological 4) prognostic
6.Philosophical knowledge, used in science, politics, education as a guide in spiritual and practical activities, acts as: 1)methodology 2) mythology 3) axiology 4) epistemology
7. The philosophical direction that considers the spiritual principle to be the basis of being is called: 1)idealism 2)materialism 3)dualism 4)pluralism
8.Philosophical concept, according to which the world has a single basis, is called: 1) relativism 2)monism 3) dualism 4) skepticism
9.According to______ ___, thinking and being are substances independent of each other: 1) pantheism 2) idealism 3) materialism 4) dualism
10. The religious picture of the world is built on the basis, first of all, of: 1) Holy Scripture 2) mythological ideas 3) everyday experience 4) philosophical ideas
11.The basis of the religious picture of the world is the principle: 1) faith in the endless progress of society 2) the independence of human life from the will of the Creator 3) creationism 4)verification
12. The concept of “scientific picture of the world”: 1) is absolute and unchanging 2) expresses figurative ideas about the world 3) is not typical for modern philosophy 4) undergoes historical evolution
13. Philosophy as a theoretical form of worldview first appears in: 1)Greece 2) China 3) Babylon 4) India
14.According to legend, the first who refused to call himself a sage, but only a wise man, i.e. philosopher, was: 1) Epicurus 2) Aristotle 3) Plato 4) Pythagoras
15. True existence, according to Plato, is: 1) Cosmos 2) human mind 3) human existence 4) the world of eidos
16. The creator of the doctrine of the ideal state was: 1)Plato 2) Socrates 3) Pythagoras 4) Aristotle
17. The first materialists in history are considered: 1) Holbach, La Mettrie, Helvetius 2) Marx, Engels, Lenin 3) Democritus, Leucippus, Epicurus 4) Kant, Hegel, Schelling
19.The founder of liberalism in the philosophy of the New Age was: 1) Spinoza 2)Locke 3) Rousseau 4) Mandeville
20. The source of any alienation in society, according to Marx, is: 1) the transformation of the results of personal creativity into the public domain 2) private property on the means of production 3) transfer of ideas about man to the extrapersonal sphere, personified in God 4) will to power
21. The Russian idea, from Solovyov’s point of view, is the idea of: 1) independence and independence of Russia 2) world hegemony of Russia 3) national purpose determined by God 4) the superiority of the Russian nation
22. The main idea of Russian cosmism is: 1) non-resistance to evil through violence 2)close connection man and the Cosmos 3) salvation of the chosen 4) achievement of unity
24. Representative of radical Westernism, who preached the idea of stateless socialism: 1) Khomyakov 2) Solovyov 3) Chaadaev 4) Bakunin
25. The understanding of movement as a mechanical spatial movement of an object without its qualitative transformation was characteristic of philosophy and natural science: 1)17-18 centuries. 2) 19-20 centuries. 3)10-14 centuries. 4)14-16 centuries.
26. Regarding the connection between movement and development, the following statement is correct: 1) movement and development are not related to each other 2) movement is identical to development 3) not every movement is development 4) development is not always movement
27. The properties of space do not include: 1) extension 2) three-dimensionality 3)irreversibility 4) continuity
28. Has nothing to do with the properties of time: 1) duration 2) one-dimensionality 3) reversibility 4) continuity
29. Space and time are considered as forms of contemplation from the position of 1) dialectical materialism 2) subjective idealism 3) empiricism 4) objective idealism
30.According to the substantial concept, time: 1) is a person’s psychological experience of real processes 2) is independent, an entity that does not depend on anything 3) depends on human existence 4) depends on the relationships between material objects.
1. PHILOSOPHICAL CATEGORIES (choose 3 correct answers)
A) * matter
B) *consciousness
C) power
D) integration
E) * being
F) revolution
G) demographics
H) stratum
2. FUNCTIONS OF PHILOSOPHY (choose 3 correct answers)
A) *worldview
B) technological
C) *critical
D) positivist
E) illusory-compensatory
F) *methodological
G) differential
H) class
3. ORTHODOX SCHOOLS OF INDIAN PHILOSOPHY ARE (Choose 3 correct answers)
A) Buddhism
B) *vedanta
C) charvaka
D) *vaisheshika
E) Taoism
F) *nyaya
G) Lamaism
H) Jainism
4. CONCEPTS OF ANCIENT INDIAN PHILOSOPHY (choose 3 correct answers)
A) *karma
B) yin
C) *atman
D) wu-wei
E) dao
F) xiao
G) ching
H) *brahmin
5. CONCEPTS OF ANCIENT CHINESE PHILOSOPHY (choose 3 correct answers)
A) karma
B) *yang
C) atman
D) *wu-wei
E) purusha
F) *Tao
G) brahma
H) samsara
6. THE SAGES OF THE MILESTIAN SCHOOL OF PHILOSOPHY PHILOSOPHY (choose 3 correct answers)
A) *Thales
B) Socrates
C) Heraclitus
D) *Anaximenes
E) Pythagoras
F) Plato
G) *Anaximander
H) Seneca
7. CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF THE RENAISSANCE (choose 3 correct answers)
A) *anthropocentrism
B) theocentrism
C) *humanism
D) creationism
E) rationalism
F) formalism
G) dogmatism
H) *pantheism
8. NATURAL PHILOSOPHERS OF THE RENAISSANCE (choose 3 correct answers)
A) *J. Bruno
B) N. Machiavelli
C) *G. Galileo
D) T. More
E) P. della Mirandola
F) F. Petrarch
G) T. Campanella
H) *N. Copernicus
9. PHILOSOPHICAL WORKS OF I. KANT (choose 3 correct answers)
A) *Critique of Pure Reason
B) Criticism of judgments
C) Criticism of humanism
D) *Critique of practical reason
E) *Critique of judgment abilities
F) Criticism of formalism
G) Criticism of criticism
H) Criticism of pantheism
10. THE MOST IMPORTANT PHILOSOPHICAL WORKS OF H. HEGEL (choose 3 correct answers)
A) *Phenomenology of spirit
B) *Science of logic
C) Capital
D) Canons of Wisdom
E) *Philosophy of Law
F) The essence of Christianity
G) Scientific teaching
H) Reasoning about the method
11. REPRESENTATIVES OF NON-CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY (choose 3 correct answers)
A) F. Engels
B) I. Kant
C) G. Hegel
D) K. Marx
E) *K. Jaspers
F) L. Feuerbach
G) *A. Schopenhauer
H) *F. Nietzsche
12. CONCEPTS OF THE PHILOSOPHY OF EXISTENTIALISM (choose 3 correct answers)
A) *existence
B) science
C) *borderline situation
D) *absurd
E) energy
F) understanding
G) text
H) falsification
13. BACKGROUND CONCEPTS OF HERMENEUTICS (choose 3 correct answers)
A) *text
B) science
C) borderline situation
D) absurd
E) * author
F) verification
G) *reader
H) falsification
14. CONCEPTS OF KANTIAN PHILOSOPHY (choose 3 correct answers)
A) *thing in itself
B) *antinomy
C) *categorical imperative
D) world mind
E) absolute idea
F) world will
G) thesis
H) synthesis
15. FORMS OF RATIONAL COGNITION ARE (choose 3 correct answers)
A) *concepts
B) sensations
C) *inference
D) memory
E) *judgments
F) perception
G) representations
H) intuition
16. THE PHILOSOPHICAL DIRECTION THAT RECOGNIZES THE EXISTENCE OF TWO INDEPENDENT PRINCIPLES OF THE UNIVERSE IS CALLED (choose one correct answer)
A) monism
B) *dualism
C) pluralism
17. THE MAIN SUBJECT OF PHILOSOPHY IS ATTITUDE (choose one correct answer)
A) *man - world
B) the world is god
C) heaven-earth
18. THE MAIN PHILOSOPHICAL QUESTION IS ABOUT ATTITUDE (choose one correct answer)
A) yin to yang
B) *thinking to being
C) idealism to humanism
D) humanism to natural philosophy
19. GNOSEOLOGY - A SECTION OF PHILOSOPHICAL KNOWLEDGE THAT CONSIDERS PROBLEMS (choose one correct answer):
A) *cognition
B) being
C) morality
D) person
20. EXPERIENCE IS THE BASE (choose one correct answer)
A) rationalism
B) sensationalism
C) *empiricism
21. THE CENTRAL CONCEPT OF R. DESCARTES’ ONTOLOGY (choose one correct answer)
A) *substance
B) monad
C) atom
22. THE MAIN CONCEPT OF LEIBNITZ ONTOLOGY (choose one correct answer)
A) substance
B) *monad
C) atom
23. T. HOBBS IS THE AUTHOR OF THE THEORY (choose one correct answer)
A) innate ideas
B) separation of branches of government
C) *social contract
24. THE POSITION THAT NOT ONLY COGNITION, BUT ALSO THE EXISTENCE OF THE WORLD IS DETERMINED BY MAN - EXPRESSES A POSITION (choose one correct answer)
A) *subjective idealism
B) agnosticism
C) objective idealism
25. DEScartes' theory of innate ideas J. LOCKE CONTRADITED THE THEORY WHERE CONSCIOUSNESS IS CONSIDERED AS (choose one correct answer)
A) *blank slate
B) seal on wax
C) soul recollection
26. THE CENTRAL CONCEPT OF I. KANT’S PHILOSOPHY (choose one correct answer)
A) *thing in itself
B) absolute idea
C) will to power
27. TENGRI IS CONSIDERED TO BE THE HABITAT (choose one correct answer)
A) *sky
B) earth
C) dungeon
28. Z. FREUD BELONGED FOR THE DISCOVERY OF THE PROBLEM (choose one correct answer)
A) consciousness
B) subconscious
C) *unconscious
29. PHILOSOPHICAL INNOVATION OF MARXISM (choose one correct answer)
A) theoretical formulation of the idea of dialectics
B) * materialistic understanding stories
C) discovery of self-organization
30. THE SUBJECT OF COGNITION IS ANY SUBJECT (choose one correct answer)
A) material world
B) spiritual world
C) *material and spiritual world
31. MAIN DIRECTIONS OF ANCIENT CHINESE PHILOSOPHY (choose one correct answer)
A) *Confucianism and Taoism
B) Taoism and Buddhism
C) Buddhism and Confudianism
D) Confudianism and Hinduism
32. THE AUTHOR OF THE TEACHING ABOUT “CORRECTION OF NAMES” IS AN ANCIENT CHINESE SAGE (choose one correct answer)
A) Lao Tzu
B) Mo Tzu
C) Han Fei
D) *Kung Fu Tzu
33. THE NICKNAME “PHILOSOPHY IS THE SERVANT OF THEOLOGY” BELONGS (choose one correct answer)
A) *Middle Ages
B) Renaissance
C) New time
D) Enlightenment
34. RENAISSANCE PHILOSOPHER, CARDINAL, AUTHOR OF THE WORK “ON LEARNED IGNORANCE” (choose one correct answer)
A) G. Galileo
B) J. Bruno
C) *N. Cusanian
D) T. More
35. I. KANT’S STRICT MORAL LAW IS CALLED ______ IMPERATIVE (choose one correct answer)
A) hypothetical
B) imperative
C) *categorical
D) transcendental
36. ACCORDING TO NIETZSCHE’S TEACHINGS, THE PLACE OF THE DEAD GOD SHOULD BE TAKEN (choose one correct answer)
A) *superman
B) representative Aryan race
C) new god
D) ruler
37. ZARATHUSTRA - HERO OF PHILOSOPHICAL REFLECTIONS (choose one correct answer)
A) A. Schopenhauer
B) *F. Nietzsche
C) A. Camus
D) Heidegger
38. AUTHOR OF THE WORK “TRACES OF SHAMMANITY AMONG THE KYRGYZ” (choose one correct answer)
A) Kunanbaev A.
B) Dulatov M.
C) *Valikhanov Ch.
D) Bukeikhanov A.
39. THE MYSTICAL PATH OF KNOWING GOD IN SUFISM (choose one correct answer)
A) mauriate
B) maslikhat
C) *tarikat
D) jihad
40. C. PEARCE, W. JAMES, J. DEWEY - REPRESENTATIVES OF THE DIRECTION (choose one correct answer)
A) structuralism
B) hermeneutics
C) *pragmatism
D) neopositivism
41. KNOWLEDGE CONSISTS OF TWO STEPS (choose one correct answer)
A) *sensual and rational
B) figurative and emotional
C) observable and unobservable
D) theoretical and provable
42. TWO LEVELS OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE (choose one correct answer)
A) sensual and rational
B) figurative and emotional
C) *empirical and theoretical
D) theoretical and everyday
43. REPRESENTATIVES MADE A GREAT CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES (choose one correct answer)
A) *Club of Rome
B) Vienna circle
C) club of knowledge lovers
D) youth club
44. AVERROES IS A LATINIZED NAME (choose one correct answer)
A) Ibn Sina
B) Al-Ghazali
C) *Ibn Rushd
D) Al-Kindi
E) Ibn Arabi
F) Al-Farabi
45. AVICENNA - WESTERN READING OF THE NAME (choose one correct answer)
A) *Ibn Sina
B) Al-Ghazali
C) Ibn Rushd
D) Al-Kindi
E) Ibn Arabi
F) Al-Farabi
46. HISTORICALLY THE FIRST TYPE OF WORLDVIEW IS MYTHOLOGY (choose the correct answer)
A) *is
B) is not
47. PHILOSOPHY OF ANCIENT RELATES TO (choose the correct answer)
A) *classical philosophy
B) non-classical philosophy
48. N. COPERNIUS IS THE CREATOR (choose the correct answer)
A) geocentric picture of the world
B) *heliocentric picture of the world
49. IN NEOPOSITIVISM, THE COMPARISON OF ALL THE PROVISIONS OF SCIENCE WITH THE FACTS OF EXPERIENCE IS CALLED (choose the correct answer)
A) *verification
B) falsification
50. THE PRINCIPAL FALTERABILITY OF A SCIENTIFIC THEORY IN POST-POSITIVISM IS CALLED (choose the correct answer)
A) verification
B) *falsification
51. POSITION CONSIDERING TIME AND SPACE AS A SEPARATE REALITY ALONG WITH MATTER, AND THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THEM AS INTERSUBSTANTIAL EXPRESSES THE POSITION (choose the correct answer)
A) relational concept
B) *substantial concept
52. A. EINSTEIN’S THEORY OF RELATIVITY CONFIRMED CORRECT (choose the correct answer)
A) *relational theory
B) substance theory
53. CONSCIOUSNESS BY ITS NATURE (choose the correct answer)
A) financially
B) *perfect
54. IN ANCIENT INDIAN PHILOSOPHY, THE EARLIEST GROUP OF VEDIC TEXTS ARE CALLED (add)______. (Rig Veda)
55. THE LAST GROUP OF VEDIC TEXTS, WHICH IS THE WORLDVIEW CORE OF HINDUISM, IS CALLED (add) ______ (Upanishads)
56. IN BUDDHISM, THE PATH LEADING TO LIBERATION FROM SUFFERING, MEANS COMPLETE EXHAUSTION OF CONSCIOUSNESS (add) _______. (Nirvana)
57. IN ANCIENT CHINESE PHILOSOPHY, THE PATH WHICH MAN AND NATURE SHOULD FOLLOW IN THEIR DEVELOPMENT, THE UNIVERSAL WORLD LAW THAT ENSURES THE EXISTENCE OF THE WORLD (add) ______. (Tao)
58. THE FIRST GREEK PHILOSOPHER IS CONSIDERED (add) ______ (Thales)
59. AUTHOR OF APHORISMS: “EVERYTHING FLOWS, EVERYTHING CHANGES”, “ONE CANNOT ENTER THE SAME RIVER TWICE” (add)______ (Heraclitus)
60. THE NAME OF THE ANCIENT GREEK PHILOSOPHER WHO FIRST IDENTIFIED THE PROBLEM OF MAN IN PHILOSOPHY, THE AUTHOR OF THE STATEMENT: “KNOW YOURSELF” (add) - _______. (Socrates)
61. IN PYTHAGORUS, METEMPSYCHOSIS IS THE TEACHING ABOUT RESETTLEMENT (add) _______. (Soul)
62. ANCIENT GREEK PHILOSOPHER, CREATOR OF THE SCIENCE OF LOGIC, AUTHOR OF THE FIRST PHILOSOPHICAL SYSTEM (add)_______ (Aristotle)
63. THE HOLY BOOK OF CHRISTIANS IS CALLED (add)______. (Bible)
64. THE HOLY BOOK OF THE MUSLIMS IS CALLED (add) ______. (Koran)
65. THE DIRECTION OF MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY, APPROVING THAT THINGS THEMSELVES DO NOT TRULY EXIST, BUT THEIR GENERAL CONCEPTS - UNIVERSALS _______. (Realism)*
66. PERIOD IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE MIDDLE AGES, THE WORK OF THE CHURCH FATHERS _______. (Patristics)*
67. SCHOOLASTICS CAME FROM THE LATIN WORD (SCNOLA), WHICH MEANS _______ IN TRANSLATION. (School)*
68. THE WORSHIP OF ONE GOD IS CALLED ______. (Monotheism) *
69. RENAISSANCE IS THE FRENCH NAME OF THE ERA ______. (Rebirth)*
70. TEACHING OF THE RENAISSANCE AGE, ACCORDING TO WHICH GOD IS IDENTIFIED WITH NATURE _______. (Pantheism)*
71. THE LOGICAL OPERATION OF TRANSITION FROM THE PARTICULAR TO THE GENERAL IS CALLED (add)______. (Induction)*
72. THE LOGICAL OPERATION OF TRANSITION FROM THE GENERAL TO THE PARTICULAR IS CALLED (add)_______. (Deduction)*
73. THE MOMENT OF THE NEW TIME, WHICH BELIEVES THAT THROUGH SCIENCE IT IS POSSIBLE TO SOLVE THE PROBLEMS OF HUMAN SOCIETY (add)______ (Rationalism))*
74. THE FIRST WISE OF THE PROTO-KAZAKHS, A SKYTHIAN, A FRIEND OF KING SOLON, WAS NAME (add) ______. (Anacharsis)*
75. THE SUPREME TOTEM SACRED TO ANIMALS OF THE PROTO-KAZAKHS WAS (add) _______. (Wolf) *
76. THREE TRUTHS OF SHAKARIM: SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE, RELIGIOUS COPENESS AND ______ (Conscience)*
77. PHILOSOPHICAL TEACHING THAT DEFENDS THE LIMITATIONS OF COGNITIVE CAPABILITIES OF THE MIND (add) _______ (Irrationalism)*
78. PHILOSOPHY OF EXISTENCE (add)_______ (Existentialism) *
79. NAME OF THE SCIENTIST WHO LAID THE FOUNDATIONS OF PSYCHOANALYSIS (add)_______ (Freud)*
80. GENERAL SCIENTIFIC THEORY OF SELF-ORGANIZATION (add)______ (Synergetics)*
81. STATE ONE WITH BEING (ALSO REAL) AND OPPOSITE TO IT (add) _______. (Nothingness*)
82. IN THE THEORY OF SELF-ORGANIZATION, RANDOM VIBRATIONS AND DEVIATIONS ARE CONSTANTLY INHERENT IN MATTER (add) _______. (Fluctuation)*
83. IN WESTERN PHILOSOPHY, A SYNONYM OF THE WORD GNOSEOLOGY (add) ______. (Epistemology)
84. CRITERION OF KNOWLEDGE IN MARXIST PHILOSOPHY (add) ______. (practice)*
85. TEACHING ABOUT COGNITION (add) ______. (Epistemology)
86. AXEOLOGY IS THE TEACHING ABOUT (add)_______. (Values)*
87. IN DIALECTICS, MEASURE IS THE UNITY OF QUANTITY AND (add)_______. (Quality)*
88. SPHERE OF MIND ACCORDING TO V.I. VERNADSKY (add)______. (Noosphere)*
89. SCIENCE OF THE FUTURE (add)______. (Futurology)*
90. PROBLEMS OF A PLANETARY CHARACTER IN MODERN SCIENCE ARE USED TO BE CALLED (add)_______. Global*
91. THE WORLD OF THE UNCONSCIOUS ACCORDING TO SIGMUND FREUD (add)_______. Correct answer(s): It
92. LIVING INSTINCT IN FREUDISM (add)_______. Correct answer(s): Eros
93. DEATH INSTINCT IN FREUDISM (add)______. Correct answer(s): Thanatos
94. ENCRYPTED UNIVERSAL IMAGES OF CARL JUNG (add)_______. Correct answer(s): Archetypes
95. MAIN WORK OF HERBERT MARCUSE (add) ______, Correct answer(s): One-dimensional man
96. THE CENTRAL CONCEPT OF PAUL RICOER’S PHILOSOPHY ______. Correct answer(s): Personality
97. JOHANN FICHETE NOT-I OPPOSED (add)______. Correct answer(s): I
98. SOCRATES METHOD (add)_______. Correct answer(s): Maieutics
99. ECONOMICS OF SOCIETY ACCORDING TO KARL MARX (add)_______. Correct answer(s): Basis
100. The criterion of truth in Marxism (add)_______. Correct answer(s): Practice
Test tasks.
1. Find correspondence between the section of philosophy and the main category:
A) ontology; 4 1) beauty;
b) epistemology; 3 2) morality;
c) ethics; 2 3) truth;
d) aesthetics; 1 4) being.
2. Match philosophical category and its author:
A) moral imperative; 3 1) Democritus;
b) atom; 1 2) Aristotle;
c) ethics; 2 3) Kant;
d) being; 4 4) Parmenides.
3. Society is the subject of such research philosophical science, How:
A) cultural studies;
*b) social philosophy;
c) epistemology;
d) political science;
d) economics.
4. From Huntington's point of view, relations between civilizations in the future will lead to:
*a) conflict;
b) the world;
c) self-isolation of civilizations;
d) a single civilization;
d) classless society.
5. An individual in philosophy is understood as:
A) a synonym for the concept “person”;
*b) generic concept, i.e. expressing the common features inherent in the human race;
c) a stable system of socially significant traits, characteristics of a person as a member of society;
d) social “mask”.
6. Personality in philosophy is understood as:
A) a synonym for the concepts “individual”, “person”;
b) generic concept, i.e. expressing the common features inherent in the human race;
*c) a stable system of socially significant traits, characteristics of a person as a member of society;
d) the totality of the physical abilities of an individual;
d) social “mask”.
7. When using the concept “personality” we mean such qualities as:
a) age differences;
b) physical differences;
*c) spiritual and social qualities acquired by each person;
d) neurodynamic differences (properties of the nervous system).
8. The specificity of philosophical anthropology is that it;
a) examines human biological parameters;
b) explores the origin and development of man;
*c) tries to determine the essence of man, the humanity in man;
d) explores social determinants in human behavior;
e) tries to determine the direction of further development of humanity.
9. The term “anthropogenesis” means:
*a) the process of historical and evolutionary formation of the physical type of a person;
d) the process of human development from birth to death.
10. The term “phylogeny” means:
*a) the process of human development from primitiveness to modernity;
b) the process of historical formation social essence person;
c) the process of formation of a “superman”;
e) the process of human development from birth to death.
11. The term “ontogenesis” means:
a) the process of human development from primitiveness to modernity;
b) the process of historical formation of the social essence of man;
c) the process of formation of a “superman”;
d) the process of state formation;
*e) the process of human development from birth to death.
a) purposeful influence of the subject on the subject;
b) instinctive activity of a living being;
*c) purposeful influence of the subject on the object (where another subject may be a special case of the object);
d) the impact of the object on the subject.
13. The process of socialization means:
a) active participation of a person in public life;
b) a person’s belonging to one or another social group;
*c) the assimilation and use of sociocultural experience by a person;
d) human participation in the socialist movement.
14. The term “culture” means (choose the most correct answer):
a) culture is custom, language;
b) culture is a generally accepted way of thinking (mentality);
*c) culture is a fusion of methods of activity and the results of this activity in the form of a set of created material and spiritual values;
d) culture is, first of all, a phenomenon of art.
15. From the point of view of hedonism, the meaning of life is that:
a) life is renunciation of the world and mortification of the flesh for the atonement of sins;
b) life is the pursuit of happiness as the true purpose of man;
*c) life is pleasures, preferably as varied as possible, here and now;
d) to live means to benefit from everything;
e) life is a desire for God.
16. The subject of ethics is:
a) society;
b) person;
*c) morality;
d) the meaning of life;
d) ideal.
17. A person’s responsibility for his actions is possible only if he has:
*a) choice;
b) guilt;
c) force majeure;
d) necessity;
d) predestination.
18. Section of philosophy that studies morality and specific phenomena of social life:
a) ontology;
b) axiology;
c) aesthetics;
*d) ethics;
e) anthropology.
19. Axiology is the study of:
*
b) about beauty;
c) about good and evil;
20. The requirement of non-violence means, first of all, the renunciation of:
*a) imposing your opinion on others;
b) attacks on the life of another person;
c) encroachment on the property of another person;
d) commanding other people.
a) Heraclitus;
b) Protagoras;
c) Spinoza;
d) Plato;
*e) Aristotle.
a) Socrates;
b) Aristotle;
*c) Cicero;
d) Augustine the Blessed;
e) Thomas Aquinas.
23. Epistemology is the doctrine of:
a) about values, their origin and essence;
b) about the development of the universe;
c) about being as such;
*d) about the essence of knowledge, about the ways of comprehending the truth;
24. Cognition in modern philosophy is mainly considered as (indicate the most correct answer):
a) abilities, abilities, skills in a certain field of activity;
b) significant information in terms of activity;
c) objective reality given in the consciousness of the acting person;
*d) the practice-based process of acquiring and developing knowledge.
25. Absolutization of the role and meaning of sensory data in philosophy is associated with the direction:
a) rationalism;
b) realism;
c) skepticism;
*d) sensationalism;
d) hedonism.
26. Deduction is:
*a) a logical path from the general to the specific;
b) transmission of false knowledge as true;
c) the ascent of knowledge from particular, individual facts to generalizations of more high order;
27. Induction is:
a) a logical path from the general to the specific;
b) presenting false knowledge as true;
*c) the ascent of knowledge from private, individual facts to generalizations of a higher order;
d) moment of intellectual insight;
d) relative, incomplete truth.
28. The method of cognition in philosophy and science, when thought moves from general provisions to particular conclusions:
a) induction;
*b) deduction;
c) analysis;
d) synthesis.
29. Empiricism is:
a) a direction in the theory of knowledge that considers thinking to be the source of knowledge;
*b) a direction in the theory of knowledge that considers sensory experience to be a source of knowledge;
c) a direction in the theory of knowledge that considers absolute consciousness to be the source of knowledge;
d) a direction in the theory of knowledge that considers intuition to be a source of knowledge;
e) a direction in the theory of knowledge that considers innate ideas to be a source of knowledge.
30. Agnosticism is:
a) doctrine in ontology that considers the problems of human existence;
*b) a doctrine in epistemology that denies the possibility of reliable knowledge of the world;
c) the doctrine of the development of the world;
d) the doctrine of universal causation;
e) the doctrine of the essence of human history.
31. In philosophy, “agnosticism” is understood as:
a) consideration of the process of cognition;
b) consideration of objects of knowledge;
*c) complete or partial denial of the fundamental possibility of knowledge;
d) doubt about the possibility of knowledge;
d) method of cognition.
32. 11. The highest level of logical understanding; theoretical, reflective, philosophically thinking consciousness, operating with broad generalizations and focused on the most complete and deep knowledge of the truth - this is:
a) reason;
*b) mind;
c) feeling;
d) experience;
d) intuition.
33. Doctrine that affirms disabilities person in knowledge of the world is called:
a) materialism;
*b) skepticism;
c) empiricism;
d) idealism;
d) rationalism.
34. Levels of scientific knowledge (indicate all options):
*a) empirical;
b) religious;
*c) theoretical;
d) mythological;
e) dialectical.
35. A certain stage of the cognitive process at which information about an object, received in sensations and perceptions, stored in consciousness, is reproduced later without direct influence of the object on the subject - this is:
a) sensory reflection;
b) cognitive contact with the object of knowledge;
*c) presentation;
d) explanation;
d) noumenon.
36. The main forms of living contemplation (in the theory of knowledge as reflection) do not include:
a) presentation;
b) perception;
*c) idea;
d) sensation.
37. These forms of knowledge do not relate to theoretical knowledge:
a) concept;
*b) presentation;
c) inference;
d) judgment;
*e) perception.
38. A type of knowledge woven into the fabric of a subject’s life, but not possessing evidentiary power, is called:
a) abstract;
b) theoretical;
*c) ordinary;
d) scientific;
d) divine.
39. Practice in its functions in the process of cognition is not:
a) the basis of knowledge and its driving force;
b) the purpose of knowledge;
c) criterion of truth;
*d) successful replacement of theoretical research and scientific creativity.
40. Since truth does not depend on the knowing subject, it:
a) abstract;
*b) objective;
c) subjective;
d) absolute;
d) divine.
41. A concept opposite in meaning to “truth” in epistemology:
A) propaganda;
*b) delusion;
c) judgment;
d) prejudice;
d) illusion.
42. The set of approaches, techniques, methods for solving various practical and cognitive problems is:
*a) methodology;
b) development;
c) skill;
d) mechanism;
d) process.
43. To what form of scientific knowledge does the concept of the alien origin of life on Earth belong?
*a) hypothesis;
b) theory;
c) problem;
d) paradigm;
d) model.
44. Science as a specific type of spiritual production and social institution arose in the era:
a) antiquity;
b) the Middle Ages;
c) Renaissance;
*d) New times;
d) in the twentieth century.
45. The structural components of theoretical scientific knowledge are (indicate all correct options):
*a) problem;
b) pain;
c) faith;
*d) hypothesis;
*e) theory.
46. In the theory of knowledge, mutually exclusive but equally provable concepts are called:
47. Which definition of rationality is considered the main one in philosophy?
a) calculation of adequate funds for this purpose;
b) the best adaptability to circumstances;
c) logical validity of the rules of activity;
*d) the ability of the mind to holistically embrace nature, society and its own subjectivity.
48. Empirical methods of cognition include (indicate all correct answers):
a) analysis;
*b) observation;
*c) experiment;
*d) measurement;
e) modeling.
49. Theoretical methods of cognition include (indicate all correct answers):
*a) analysis;
b) observation;
*c) idealization;
d) measurement;
*e) modeling.
50. When using this method, individual properties of the object being studied are replaced with symbols or signs:
a) induction;
b) deduction;
*c) idealization;
d) observation;
d) analysis.
51. Scientific knowledge differ from other knowledge (indicate all correct answers):
*a) accuracy;
*b) validity;
*c) great predictive ability;
d) a large degree of fantasy (not necessarily justified);
d) its exceptional aesthetic value.
52. Science has such basic functions as (indicate all correct answers):
*a) ideological;
*b) methodological;
c) aesthetic;
d) political;
*e) predictive.
53. At the earliest stages of human history, such forms of knowledge played an important role as:
a) scientific;
*b) everyday practical;
*c) gaming;
d) philosophical;
*e) mythological.
54. Consciousness is considered as a property of highly organized matter, in the philosophical direction:
a) objective idealism;
b) subjective idealism;
*V) dialectical materialism;
d) existentialism;
e) Thomism.
55. The philosophical concept of reflection refers to the phenomenon:
a) empirical knowledge;
b) logical cognition;
c) intuitive knowledge;
*d) self-awareness;
d) subconscious.
56. Consciousness arises, functions and develops in the process:
a) a person growing up;
*b) human interaction with reality;
c) getting an education;
d) scientific knowledge.
a) apeiron;
b) atom;
c) logos;
*d) soul;
d) mind.
58. For the first time, the act of self-awareness as a condition for the reliability of knowledge of the world was considered by:
a) Marx;
b) Democritus;
*c) Descartes;
d) Bacon;
d) Hobbes.
59. In what era do consciousness begin to be considered as a function of the human brain to reflect reality?
a) Antiquity;
b) Middle Ages;
c) Renaissance;
*d) Enlightenment.
60. Hegel believed that consciousness:
a) generated by matter;
b) a method of self-knowledge of matter;
*c) autonomous from matter;
d) depends on matter.
61. The first to unite consciousness and psyche:
a) Bacon;
b) Schelling;
*c) Freud;
d) Hegel;
d) Kant.
62. Reflection property:
a) is inherent only in inanimate matter;
b) is inherent only in living matter;
c) inherent only to humans;
*d) this is a global property of matter.
63. From the point of view of vulgar materialism:
a) consciousness is a property of all matter;
b) consciousness is a property of living matter;
*c) consciousness is a substrate secreted by the brain;
d) consciousness is a property of a person.
64. Human consciousness differs from the psyche of vertebrate animals:
*a) the presence of abstract thinking and speech;
b) the ability to work with real objects;
c) the presence of advanced reflection;
d) the presence of irritability.
65. Highlight the three most characteristic functions of language:
*a) constructive (a tool for expressing thoughts);
*b) reflective (cognitive tool);
c) political;
d) literary;
*e) communicative.
66. Human consciousness differs from the psyche of animals:
a) the ability to more clearly reflect the world around us;
b) the ability to influence the surrounding world;
*c) the ability to reflect, i.e. self-knowledge;
d) the ability to adequately respond to environmental influences.
67. Ontology is the doctrine of:
a) about values, their origin and essence;
b) about the development of the universe;
*c) about being as such;
d) about the spiritual culture of society and individuals;
d) about the essence of human history.
68. Which of the ancient philosophers was the first to formulate the concept of “being”?
a) Pythagoras;
b) Heraclitus;
*c) Parmenides;
d) Plato;
d) Socrates.
69. Which of the data philosophical concepts came first?
a) matter;
b) being;
c) substance;
*d) origin.
70. Aristotle put forward a dual concept of understanding being:
*a) passive matter and active form;
b) active matter and passive form;
c) active consciousness and passive form;
d) passive consciousness and active form.
71. Development accompanied by the appearance of a more advanced quality compared to the previous one:
a) degradation;
b) decline;
c) regression;
*d) progress;
e) integration.
72. Objective connection between individual states of types and forms of matter in the processes of its movement and development:
*a) causality;
b) determinism;
c) dualism;
d) synergy;
d) induction.
73. Determinism is a doctrine:
a) about divine predestination;
b) about the universal cognizability of the world;
*c) about the universal natural connection, the cause-and-effect conditionality of phenomena;
d) about the unknowability of the world;
e) about the creation of the world.
74. Materialists claim that:
a) there are two independent and equal principles (principles): material and spiritual;
b) the fundamental principle of the world, nature, and existence is the spiritual principle;
*c) matter exists absolutely, it is uncreated and indestructible, infinite in the forms of its manifestation;
d) the world was created by God out of nothing.
75. Materialists claim that matter is:
a) a passive principle, transformed under the influence of consciousness;
*b) objective reality, given to a person in sensations;
c) absolute One;
d) abstract concept.
76. Idealists claim that:
*a) the fundamental principle of the world, nature, and existence is the spiritual principle;
b) there are two independent and equal principles (principles): material and spiritual;
c) matter exists absolutely, it is uncreated and indestructible, infinite in the forms of its manifestation;
d) matter consists of eternal, unchanging and indivisible particles - atoms;
e) the world was created by God out of nothing.
77. Pantheism is:
*a) a doctrine that denies a personal God and brings him closer to nature, sometimes identifying them;
b) a doctrine that affirms the knowability of the world;
c) teaching about the spiritual culture of society;
d) about the essence of knowledge, about the ways of comprehending the truth;
d) about the essence of human history.
78. Hylozoism is:
a) the doctrine of nature;
*b) a doctrine that recognizes “life” as an integral property of matter;
c) the doctrine of being as such;
d) the doctrine of the world as such;
e) the doctrine of the spiritual culture of society and man.
79. What is the first principle in materialistic philosophical concepts?
a) spirit;
b) consciousness;
*c) matter;
d) logos;
d) experience.
80. What is the first principle in idealistic philosophical concepts?
*a) spirit;
b) deity;
c) matter;
d) logos;
d) experience.
81. An irreversible, unidirectional and natural change leading to the emergence of a new quality is:
a) movement;
b) deformation;
c) regression;
*d) development;
d) transformation.
82. The form of existence of matter, expressing the duration of its existence, the sequence of changes in states in the change and development of all material systems:
*a) time;
b) space;
in motion;
d) development;
e) interaction.
83. The form of existence of matter, characterizing its extension, structure, coexistence and interaction of elements in all material systems:
a) time;
*b) space;
in motion;
d) development;
e) interaction.
84. The main interpretations of space and time include:
*a) substantial;
*b) relational;
c) irrational;
d) existential;
*e) subjective-idealistic.
85. The universal form of existence of matter is:
a) immobility;
b) consciousness;
*in motion;
d) a certain set of forms;
e) limited space.
86. A significant, stable and recurring relationship is:
a) phenomenon;
*b) law;
c) condition;
d) quality;
d) karma.
87. Objective idealism acknowledges the following:
a) the world consists of material bodies, and each body is made of the smallest particles;
b) the world is an arena of war of all against all;
c) the world was created by God, and everything happens in it according to the will of above;
d) the world is the totality of experiences, ideas, aspirations and ideals of a particular person;
*e) the world of visible things is only a reflection of the real world of perfect prototypes that exist forever and unchangeably.
88. The basic laws of dialectics are (indicate all correct options):
*a) the law of unity and struggle of opposites;
b) the law of heaven (Li);
*c) the law of mutual transition of quality and quantity;
*d) the law of negation of negation;
e) the law of moral retribution.
89. Dialectics is:
*a) the doctrine of universal connections and laws of development of nature, society, thinking;
b) a doctrine that considers the source and final goal of all changes in the nature of God;
c) a set of methods used in any area of human activity;
d) the doctrine of universal cause and effect;
e) the doctrine of divine predestination.
90. Methods of philosophical knowledge are:
a) analysis and synthesis;
b) induction and deduction;
c) description and comparison;
*d) dialectics and metaphysics.
91. The philosophical concept according to which the world has a single basis for everything that exists is called...
*a) monism
b) dualism
c) relativism
d) skepticism
92. What exists on its own and does not depend on anything else is what philosophers call...
*a) substance
b) substrate
c) attribute
d) reason
93. “Matter did not always exist, and there was a moment when it did not exist at all,” they say...
*a) creationists
b) materialists
c) spiritualists
d) naturalists
94. The subject of philosophy is not questions...
*a) private, specific nature
b) general understanding of nature
c) general understanding of a person
d) general understanding of cognition
95. From the position of _______________, consciousness is independent of material existence the kingdom of ideas, feelings, will, capable of creating and constructing reality
*a) idealism
b) materialism
c) dualism
d) realism
96. A philosophical doctrine that asserts the equality of two principles - material and spiritual - is called...
*a) dualism
b) monism
c) agnosticism
d) deism
97. Being as an objective reality is designated by the term...
*a) matter
b) consciousness
c) substrate
d) substance
98. The doctrine of the multiplicity of substances - monads was developed ...
*a) Leibniz
b) Spinoza
c) Descartes
d) Holbach
99. Recognition of the “possibility of the impossible”, i.e. miracles, events inexplicable by natural means, constitute a necessary component of a ________ worldview
*a) religious
b) scientific
c) philosophical
d) artistic
100. A philosophical position that presupposes a multitude of initial foundations and principles of being is called...
*a) pluralism
b) dualism
c) providentialism
d) skepticism
Philosophical terms and categories.
1. Determinism – philosophical doctrine about the objective, natural cause-and-effect relationship and interdependence of things, processes and phenomena of the real world.
2. Idealism– a philosophical direction that proceeds from the primacy of the spiritual in relation to the material.
3. Materialism- a philosophical direction that proceeds from the primacy of the material in relation to the spiritual.
4. Humanism – philosophical views, based on the recognition of the intrinsic value of Man and his rights to absolute freedom for the purpose of development and self-expression.
5. Ontology- the doctrine of Being
6. Epistemology– the doctrine of Knowledge
7. Axiology– doctrine of values
8. Scientism– absoluteization of the role of Science in society.
9. Irrationalism- a philosophical doctrine that denies the fundamental importance of Reason
10. Nihilism– a philosophical doctrine that denies the fundamental meaning of Values
11. Sensationalism- a philosophical direction that derives all knowledge from Feelings
12. Pantheism is the idea that God exists everywhere in the world (nature).
13. Hylozoism- a philosophical direction that considers all matter to be alive and animate.
14. Rationalism- a direction in the theory of knowledge that highlights rational, abstract knowledge.
15. Empiricism- a direction in the theory of knowledge that highlights sensory knowledge.
16. Mechanism– a one-sided method of cognition based on the recognition of the Mechanical form of movement as the only objective one.
17. Subjectivism– an ideological position that denies the existence of Objective laws of nature and society.
18. Natural philosophy(philosophy of Nature) is a philosophical direction that created a new picture of the world, free from theology, based on the achievements of natural science.
19. Relativism– a methodological principle that absolutizes the relativity and conditionality of the content of knowledge.
20. Theocentrism– a picture of the world that places God at the center of the universe
21. Anthropocentrism– a picture of the world that places Man at the center of the universe
22. Conventionalism- a philosophical direction that emphasizes that scientific postulates rest on the Agreement, the agreement of scientists.
23. Hedonism– an ethical direction that considers Pleasure, pleasure as the main motive of human activity.
24. Voluntarism- a philosophical direction that recognizes Will as the fundamental principle of existence
25. Choose a term opposite to the concept of “materialism”. Idealism
26. Choose a term opposite to the concept of “idealism”. Materialism
27. Choose a term opposite to the concept of “realism”. Nominalism
28. Choose a term opposite to the concept of “nominalism”. Realism
29. Choose a term opposite to the concept of “agnosticism.” Gnosticism, epistemological optimism
30. Choose a term opposite to the concept of “induction”. Deduction
31. Choose a term opposite to the concept of “deduction”. Induction
32. Choose the opposite term to the concept of “dialectics”. Metaphysics
33. Choose a term opposite to the concept of “empiricism”. Rationalism
34. Choose a term opposite to the concept of “rationalism”. Empiricism
35. Choose the term opposite to the concept of “truth” in epistemology. Misconception
36. Choose a term opposite to the concept of “causality”. Accident
Philosophy tests with answers deepen students' knowledge
University students may be faced with studying a philosophy course, which is designed to fully understand the wisdom of ancient philosophers, their thoughts and views, and subsequently, perhaps, form their own worldview. There are a lot of materials on the course; you can study philosophy on your own, since the subject is theoretical. But teachers need to test students’ knowledge (in some cases, the student himself would like to test his knowledge). To do this, teachers use various means of testing knowledge, for example: oral testing, written testing, test, test. Tests with answers on philosophy are one of the most convenient and profitable tests of knowledge. It’s easy for the teacher to check – the test contains numbers and letters, and you can check a whole stream of students very quickly. The student will write the answers “after the fact” - the way he knows the material, that’s how he will write it. Let's look at a few examples of tests and their effectiveness in studying the subject of philosophy.
From Greek the word “philosophy” is translated as:
A) love of truth
B) love of wisdom
B) the doctrine of peace
D) divine wisdom
In this example, one can essentially test the student's basic knowledge about philosophy and the world. It is not even necessary to know Greek to answer this question - the student’s logic will be enough to successfully answer the question posed.
The basic principle of ancient philosophy was:
A) cosmocentrism
B) theocentrism
B) anthropocentrism
D) scientism
In this case, you can easily check how the student navigates time and analyzes the material covered. Theocentrism - which places God as the basis of everything - was characteristic of the Middle Ages. Anthropocentrism (man as the basis) was characteristic of the Renaissance. We can say that Socrates laid its foundation, but the anthropocentric worldview was not characteristic of ancient times. Scientists believed in science, which is not typical for Antiquity, but typical for the 20th century.
The only answer is cosmocentrism, a belief based on space as the main system.