Ivan Turgenev - Truth and Truth (Prose Poem): Verse. "Truth and truth

Why do you value the immortality of the soul so much? - I asked.

Why? Because then I will possess the eternal, undoubted Truth... And this, in my opinion, is the highest bliss!

In possession of the Truth?

Certainly.

Allow me; can you imagine the next scene? Several young people have gathered, talking among themselves... And suddenly one of their comrades runs in: his eyes sparkle with an extraordinary brilliance, he is gasping with delight, he can barely speak. "What is it? What is it?" - “My friends, listen to what I learned, what a truth! The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection! Or here’s another: between two points the most shortcut- straight line!" - "Really! oh, what bliss!" - all the young people shout, throwing themselves into each other's arms with emotion! Are you unable to imagine such a scene? You laugh... That's the point: Truth cannot bring bliss... Here The truth can. This is a human, our earthly matter... Truth and Justice! I agree to die for the Truth. All life is built on the knowledge of the Truth; but how does it mean to “possess it"? And even find bliss in it?

Type of lesson: speech development lesson.

To reveal the originality of the Russian concept “Pravda”, in which two meanings coincide: truth as objective truth and truth as internal justice.

Lesson objectives:

1. To develop thinking in the system of spiritual and moral concepts of students.
2. To promote the development of the ability to research, analyze, compare, generalize.

Equipment:

Handouts, a decorated board, Gorky’s memories of Chekhov, the text of Turgenev’s prose poem “Truth and Truth,” V. Zakrutkin’s story “Mother of Man.”

During the classes

1. Teacher's word

Truth is the spiritual basis of life, it is eternal, imperishable, infinite. The truth is hidden from people; they seek it, comprehend it with the mind and heart. Truth makes it possible to seek answers to the questions: is the world created or uncreated, is evil or good at the basis of creation, is the world finite or infinite, is man mortal or immortal.

Truth is present in all forms of worldview: science, religion, philosophy, art, in the everyday consciousness of people. Goodness, Beauty, Truth - these are the cornerstones of any worldview in the hierarchy of spiritual values.

Why do you think?

(Good is a moral value, Beauty is aesthetic, Truth is cognitive)

2. Complete task No. 1 on the sheet. Recover the mini-text using the proposed model.

A person’s spiritual quest is associated with the search for…. . The basis of spiritual life is the idea of ​​good and ..., beautiful and ..., truth and ....

Thus, in the Russian language the philosophical concept of Truth corresponds to the lexical pair TRUTH and Pravda.

And I am finishing the question to which we have to find the answer: What is more important for a Russian person: truth or truth?

3. Lexical work.

– Let’s turn to “ Explanatory dictionary Russian language” by S.I. Ozhegov and recall the meaning of some words that we will use in the dialogue.

Worldview is a system of views, views on nature and society.

Mentality – (book) worldview, state of mind. Mentality of the Russian people.

Mental – (book) relating to mental activity, mind. Mental abilities.

Morality - internal, spiritual qualities that guide a person, ethical standards; rules of behavior determined by these qualities.

Truth – 1. In philosophy: an adequate reflection in the mind of what exists objectively. Objective truth. The pursuit of truth.

2. Same as truth in 1 value.

Truth – 1. What exists in reality corresponds to the real state of affairs. Tell the truth. The truth hurts my eyes.

2. Justice, honesty, just cause. Seek the truth. Stand for the truth.

4. Creating a comparative portrait of truth and truth.

– Pay attention to the word “truth” in the second meaning. For Ozhegov this is the same as the truth.

– But in the language of the Russian people there is a saying: “ The truth is good, and the truth is not bad.”

– In the meaning of what conjunction is the conjunction “yes” used? What did the Russian people mean by contrasting truth with truth?

– Make a comparative portrait of truth and truth. Complete task #2.

TASK No. 2

Think about how unusual this proposal is. Underline all nouns that denote abstract concepts and relate to the spiritual (inner) world of a person. Name the three highest spiritual values ​​that form a person’s worldview (a system of views on nature and society).

A person fights for freedom and justice, seeks the truth, serves it, sacrificing himself for the common good, strives for goodness and beauty and enters into an argument with fate, which deceives him or justifies his hopes.

– Define a verbal portrait of Truth, truth.

– Which of the two concepts is cold, abstract, universal? (True)

– What is Truth? (individual, personal.)

5. Work with “Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” by V.I. Dahl.

Let's take a look at V.I. Dahl's “Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language”.

TRUTH refers to the mind and intelligence. The good in the image is truth (i.e., accessible to the concept).

Truth is from earth, and truth is from heaven.

TRUTH is truth in practice, truth in image, in goodness.

– Please note how complex and contradictory the concepts of TRUTH and TRUTH are in Russian culture. Let's try to comprehend their interaction from the point of view of Russian mentality, resorting to the help of Russian literature.

– As an epigraph to the first literary episode, I propose a Russian folk saying: “The truth is good, and the truth is not bad.”

6. Analysis of Turgenev’s text “Truth and Truth”.

– we will read the poem in prose by I.S. Turgenev “Truth and Truth”.

– Why do you value the immortality of the soul so much? – I asked.

- Why? Because then I will have the eternal, undoubted Truth... And this, in my opinion, is the highest bliss!

– In possession of the Truth?

- Certainly.

- Allow me; can you imagine the next scene? Several young people have gathered, talking among themselves... And suddenly one of their comrades runs in: his eyes sparkle with an extraordinary brilliance, he is gasping with delight, he can barely speak. "What's happened? What's happened?" - “My friends, listen to what I learned, what truth! The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection! Or here’s another thing: the shortest path between two points is a straight line!” - “Really! Oh, what bliss!” - all the young people shout, rushing into each other’s arms with emotion! Are you unable to imagine such a scene? You laugh... That's the point: Truth cannot bring bliss... But Truth can. This is a human, our earthly matter... Truth and Justice! I agree to die for the Truth. All life is built on knowledge of the Truth; but how does it mean to “possess it”? And even find bliss in this?

– What concept does Turgenev connect the word Pravda with? (fairness)

– Draw a conclusion by proving the truth of the saying “The truth is good, and the truth is not bad.”

7. Analysis of an excerpt from M. Gorky’s memoirs about Chekhov.

The Russian people have another saying: “Each Paul has his own truth.” And let it become the epigraph to the second literary episode.

– Remind me of the plot of Chekhov’s story “The Intruder.”

– Now let’s read an excerpt from M. Gorky’s memoirs about Chekhov.

M. Gorky, in his memoirs about Chekhov, reproduces the dialogue between the young lawyer and the author of “The Malefactor”:

“I found a young, handsome fellow prosecutor with him. He stood in front of Chekhov and, shaking his curly head, said briskly:

– With the story “The Intruder,” you, Anton Pavlovich, pose an extremely difficult question to me. If I recognize in Denis Grigoriev the presence of evil will, which acted consciously, I must, without reservation, put Denis in prison, as the interests of society require. But he is a savage, he did not realize the crime of his act, I feel sorry for him! If I treat him as a subject who acted without understanding, and succumb to a feeling of compassion, how can I guarantee society that Denis will not again unscrew the nuts on the rails and cause a crash? Here's the question! How to be?

He fell silent, threw his body back and stared into Anton Pavlovich’s face with a searching gaze. His uniform was brand new, and the buttons on his chest glittered as self-confidently and stupidly as the little eyes on the clean face of the young zealot for justice.

“If I were a judge,” Anton Pavlovich said seriously, “I would acquit Denis...

- On what basis?

“I would tell him: “You, Denis, have not yet matured into the type of conscious criminal, go and mature!”

The lawyer laughed, but immediately became solemnly serious again and continued:

– No, dear Anton Pavlovich, the question posed by you can only be resolved in the interests of society, whose life and property I am called upon to protect. Denis is a savage, yes, but he is a criminal, that’s the truth!

– Do you like the gramophone? – Anton Pavlovich suddenly asked affectionately.

- Oh yeah! Very! Amazing invention! – the young man responded vividly.

– I hate gramophones! – Anton Pavlovich confessed sadly.

- Why?

- Yes, they talk and sing without feeling anything. And everything about them turns out to be a caricature, dead...”

– Whose position – a young prosecutor or a writer – is closer to you and why?

– Why does Chekhov interrupt his interlocutor and frivolously ask about the gramophone when the lawyer is talking about the interests of society and his duty to protect them?

(Chekhov argues that the main interest of society is not to send to hard labor the person who unscrewed the nut, but to develop the consciousness of people, and that only under this condition can society assume the right to judge a person who has broken the law. But the guest, taking Chekhov's words as a joke, continues to repeat his solemn truths.

– Why did Gorky and we, the readers, accept Chekhov’s truth without hesitation?

(Chekhov stands for truth-justice, the prosecutor stands for truth-truth.)

8. Analysis of an episode from V. Zakrutkin’s story “Mother of Man”

The good in the image is truth (i.e., accessible to the concept). And truth is truth in deed, truth in image, in goodness, says V.I. Dal. “Truth is from earth, and truth is from heaven,” says popular wisdom.

– Remember V. Zakrutkin’s story “Mother of Man”. What is this work about?

– I propose to dwell on one of the important scenes: Maria’s meeting with a wounded German soldier (reading the scene from the words “Hatred and hot, blind malice overwhelmed Maria...” to the words “...boyish eyes wet with tears...”)

– How do you understand Maria’s unexpected decision?

– How to separate the truth from the truth in this scene?

– Using the example of the truth of a Russian woman, crying, suffering, grieving, how can you explain Dahl’s definition “Truth is the truth in practice”?

Mary acts according to justice, and therefore according to her conscience. That is, according to your inner law, the law of the soul and heart. This act is dictated by the truth from heaven, i.e. truth based on moral laws. And for her now the truth in reality is not an enemy - a killer, but a mortally wounded boy who sees her as a mother and asks for help and mercy.

9. Conclusion.

– So what is more important for a Russian person: Truth or Truth?

Maybe someone is ready to argue with the wording of the lesson topic question?

10 Result.

To the question “What is more important?” there is no clear answer. Truth belongs to the “high” world, the eternal, and truth belongs to the “down” world, changeable. Therefore, truth is higher than truth. It would be more correct to ask the question: what is closer to a Russian person? Of course it's true.

Russian people are obsessed with the love of Truth and justice. For the Russian mentality - Truth - justice is a moral category, and only mercy can be higher than it.

Homework (differentiated)

TASK No. 1

It is known that the world is dual. Real and ideal images of the world are contrasted according to four criteria:

– temporary and eternal;
- changeable and unchanging;
– observable and invisible;
– imaginary and real.

Distribute pairs of antonym words into four corresponding groups. Underline in each pair the word that expresses one of the signs of Truth.

Perishable (dust, decay) and incorruptible; the world below and the world above; finite and infinite; fluid and motionless; ultimate and beyond; illusory and genuine; sensual and supersensible; mortal and immortal; wavering and unshakable; visible and speculative (intelligible); open (explicit) and hidden; anomaly and norms (ideal); unreal and true; phenomenon and essence; abyss and firmament.

TASK No. 2

One of the most popular allegories in art - “Truth is the daughter of time” - demonstrates the Father - Time, removing the veil from the naked figure of Truth. How do you understand this allegorical plot?

Which of the listed attributes: hourglass, sail, sun, mirror, mask, scales, laurel wreath – do you associate with the allegorical figure of Truth and why?

Write an essay “Truth is the daughter of time.”

Truth and Truth

- Why do you value the immortality of the soul so much? - I asked.

- Why? Because then I will have the eternal, undoubted Truth... And this, in my opinion, is the highest bliss!

— In possession of the Truth?

- Certainly.

- Allow me; can you imagine the next scene? Several young people have gathered, talking among themselves... And suddenly one of their comrades runs in: his eyes sparkle with an extraordinary brilliance, he is gasping with delight, he can barely speak. "What's happened? What's happened?" - “My friends, listen to what I learned, what truth! The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection! Or here’s another thing: the shortest path between two points is a straight line!” - “Really! oh, what bliss!” - all the young people shout, rushing into each other’s arms with emotion! Are you unable to imagine such a scene? You laugh... That's the point: Truth cannot bring bliss... But Truth can. This is a human, our earthly matter... Truth and Justice! I agree to die for the Truth. All life is built on knowledge of the Truth; but how does it mean to “possess it”? And even find bliss in this?

Notes

For a whole year Turgenev did not write prose poems. In June 1882, he wrote down “Truth and Truth” in his white notebook under No. 76. This poem in the white manuscript is preceded by the poem “Prayer”, which poses questions of the same kind - about religion, God, human reason, truth. The manuscript of “Truth and Truth” is riddled with numerous amendments. Judging by the handwriting, Turgenev returned to this manuscript more than once, correcting it either in ink or pencil, but never completed his amendments. The nature of the corrections makes it possible to notice that he tried to turn the questions originally posed by Turgenev into socio-philosophical ones from abstract-philosophical ones, without forgetting, however, the need to take into account censorship conditions. Obviously, Turgenev did not give up the idea of ​​publishing this poem; therefore, I looked for better opportunities to make the final lines of the poem available for printing, but it remained unfinished.

Here are options for the final lines of the poem. After the words:"Truth and Justice!" crossed out:“And the Truth abides there, in heaven, in eternity... It abides in the kingdom of laws<1 nrzb- knowledge?>... Where there is nothing human.” After the words:“I agree to die” - crossed out:“And for the Truth?” Instead of the end:“On the knowledge of the Truth - is this bliss?” was:“All life is built on the knowledge of the Truth, but [people live for the Truth] you can only live for the Truth and die for it! But what does it mean to “possess the Truth?” “So you don’t believe in the immortality of the soul?”

Why do you value the immortality of the soul so much? - I asked.
- Why? Because then I will have the eternal, undoubted Truth... Truth is perfection!
And in the possession of the Truth, in my opinion, lies the highest bliss!
- In possession of the Truth?
- Of course, to her.
- Can you imagine the following scene with a small crowd:
Several young people have gathered and are talking among themselves.
And suddenly one of their comrades runs in: his eyes sparkle with extraordinary brilliance,
he gasps with delight and quickly begins to speak like a magpie with a bang:
“My friends, listen to what I learned, what a truth! The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection!
Or here’s another thing: the shortest path between two points is a straight line! “That’s what I know!”
“Really! Oh, what bliss!” - all the young people shout and, like brothers,
They rush into each other's arms with emotion!
Are you unable to imagine such a scene? You're laughing...
Is truth not perfection for everyone?
Can't it be? That's the point: Truth cannot bring bliss.
Here's the Truth - it can.
This is a human, our earthly matter. Truth and Justice will help!
I agree to die for the Truth. In Rule and Justice there is supremacy.
All life is built on knowledge of the truth; but how does it mean to “possess it”?
And even find bliss in this?
And who would have thought that truth and verified smart thoughts and deeds are one and the same thing -
Lead to a happy life too!

______
I.S. Turgenev. Truth and Truth
- Why do you value the immortality of the soul so much? - I asked.
- Why? Because then I will possess the eternal, undoubted Truth... And this, in my opinion, is the highest bliss!
- In possession of the Truth?
- Certainly.
- Allow me; can you imagine the next scene? Several young people have gathered, talking among themselves... And suddenly one of their comrades runs in: his eyes sparkle with an extraordinary brilliance, he is gasping with delight, he can barely speak.
"What is it? What is it?"
- “My friends, listen to what I learned, what a truth! The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection! Or here’s another thing: between two points the shortest path is a straight line!”
- “Really! Oh, what bliss!” - all the young people shout, rushing into each other’s arms with emotion! Are you unable to imagine such a scene? You laugh... That's the point: Truth cannot bring bliss... But Truth can. This is a human, our earthly matter... Truth and Justice! I agree to die for the Truth. All life is built on knowledge of the truth; but how does it mean to “possess it”? And even find bliss in this?
June 1882
______
Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev (October 28 (November 9) 1818, Orel, Russian Empire - August 22 (September 3), 1883, Bougival, France) - Russian realist writer, poet, publicist, playwright, translator. One of the classics of Russian literature who made the most significant contribution to its development in the second half of the 19th century. Corresponding member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in the category of Russian language and literature (1860), honorary doctor of Oxford University (1879), honorary member of Moscow University (1880). Last years Turgenev's life became for him the pinnacle of fame both in Russia, where the writer again became everyone's favorite, and in Europe, where the best critics of the time (I. Taine, E. Renan, G. Brandes, etc.) ranked him among the first writers of the century . His visits to Russia in 1878-1881 were real triumphs. Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev was elected vice-president at the international literary congress in Paris in 1878; in 1879 he was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Oxford. In 1880, Turgenev took part in the celebrations in honor of the opening of the monument to Pushkin in Moscow.
In the spring of 1882, Turgenev showed the first signs of the disease, which soon turned out to be fatal for Turgenev. With temporary relief from the pain, he continued to work and a few months before his death he published the first part of “Poems in Prose” - a cycle of lyrical miniatures, which became his kind of farewell to life, homeland and art. The book opened with the prose poem “Village”, and ended with “Russian Language” - a lyrical hymn in which the author invested his faith in the great destiny of his country:
In days of doubt, in days of painful thoughts about the fate of my homeland, you alone are my support and support, oh great, powerful, truthful and free Russian language!.. Without you, how can I not fall into despair at the sight of everything that is happening at home. But one cannot believe that such a language was not given to a great people!