Presentation on the topic of materialism and idealism. Presentation of basic philosophical concepts

SCIENCE* - specialized
community cognition
scientists aimed at obtaining and
practical use of the new
scientific knowledge about various kinds
objects, their properties and relationships.
*Lebedev S.A. Philosophy of Science: Glossary of Basic Terms

Materialism and idealism in science

1. System, theoretical, objective
knowledge about reality.
2. Type of social activity.
3. As a social institution regulating
scientific activity.
4. Public function.*
A.P. Alekseev, G.G. Vasiliev Brief Philosophical Dictionary

Materialism and idealism in science

Scientific knowledge must meet
certain criteria:
subject matter;
reproducibility;
objectivity;
empirical and theoretical
validity;
Logical evidence;
Usefulness.

Materialism and idealism in science

Materialism - from lat. materiales
real
The theoretical basis is reduced to note
being to matter.
Everything that exists is material, although
not necessarily real.
Being determines consciousness.

Materialism and idealism in science
MATTER
1) any objective reality like everything that is outside
human consciousness;
2) such an objective reality, which is fundamentally
can be fixed (reflected, given) with the help of
human sensations (sensory analyzers);
3) an objective substrate in the form of a substance, that is, something that has
properties to have a chemical structure, weight, length,
the ability to transform, move, etc.;
4) the content of consciousness obtained as a result of external
experience, in the course of interaction of the sensory level of cognition with
the outside world, with the world of "not-I";
5) physical reality, that is, an aspect of being, knowledge of
which can be obtained using
physical methods and means of knowledge.

Epicurus Thales Democritus

Materialism and idealism in science
Epicurus
Thales
Democritus

Denis Diderot John Toland Paul Henri Thiry Holbach

Materialism and idealism in science
Denis Diderot
Holbach
John Toland
Paul Henri Thiry

Materialism and idealism in science

Ludwig Buechner
Ludwig Feuerbach
Friedrich Engels

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Karl Marx V.I. Ulyanov (Lenin)

Materialism and idealism in science
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
Karl Marx
IN AND. Ulyanov (Lenin)

Materialism and idealism in science

DIALECTICS
Philosophical doctrine of universal character
development, its main patterns and their
manifestation in various spheres (thinking,
nature, society, spirit).
This understanding of dialectics was introduced and
systematically developed by Hegel, and
was subsequently enshrined in
Marxist-Leninist philosophy.

Materialism and idealism in science

The main provisions of Hegel's dialectic:
1. Development can be represented in the form
withdrawal, when the antithesis removes the thesis.
. Negation;
. Preservation;
. Rise to a higher level.
2. Labor acts as a mutual change
man and nature.
3. History is treated as a mutual process
formation of human nature.

Materialism and idealism in science

MARXIST PHILOSOPHY
A system of worldview based on the concept
socio-historical practice, a system of activities for
production and reproduction of life in all its social
aspects and manifestations.
The primary method is the one that prevails in society.
material production, that is, one or another level of development
productive forces and production relations.
All other subsystems of society are secondary to
dominant mode of material production, and one way or another
otherwise (adequately or less adequately) serve and express
its (state, political and legal institutions of society,
forms of social consciousness and worldview - philosophy,
religion, morality, art, etc.).

Materialism and idealism in science

1. The law of unity and struggle
opposites.
2. The law of transition of quantitative
changes in quality.
3. The law of negation of negation.

Materialism and idealism in science

Idealism - from lat. idea idea
The theoretical basis boils down to
fundamental principle spiritual world nature and
of all things.
Consciousness determines life.

The classical form of idealism is the philosophy of Plato. The peculiarity of Plato's idealism is reduced to religious and mythological representations

Materialism and idealism in science
The classical form of idealism is
philosophy of Plato.
Plato's idealism
reduced to religious and mythological ideas.
In the era of the crisis of ancient society,
development of Neoplatonism
fused not only with mythology,
but also with extreme mysticism. This
idealism is expressed in
the medieval era, when
philosophy is completely subject to
theology.
Plato

Materialism and idealism in science

Augustine the Blessed
Thomas Aquinas

Rene Descartes Immanuel Kant David Hume George Berkeley

Materialism and idealism in science
Rene Descartes
Immanuel Kant
David Hume
George Berkeley

Materialism and idealism in science

Materialism and idealism in science
Sources used:
1. S.A. Lebedev Philosophy of Science: Dictionary of Basic Terms / M.:
Academic Project, 2004. - 320 p.
2. A.P. Alekseev, G.G. Vasiliev Brief Philosophical Dictionary / M.: TK
Welby, Iz-vo Prospekt, 2004. - 496 p.
3. G. Skirbeck, N. Guillet History of Philosophy / Translated from English. S.B.
Krymsky. - M.: VALDOS, 2003. - 800 S.
4. E.V. Ushakov Introduction to philosophy and methodology of science. / M. :
Knorus, 2008. - 592 p.
5. Marxist-Leninist philosophy. Dialectical materialism. /
Ed. 2nd. Ed. Board: A.D. Makarov and dr. M., 1971. 335 C.

Materialism The doctrine of matter. The only thing that exists in the world is a material substance, the main attributes of which are movement and thinking. Matter exists outside and independently of man. Matter is the cause of sensations as the initial and main sources of knowledge.

Slide 8 from the presentation "Peculiarities of Russian Philosophy" to the lessons of philosophy on the topic "Russian philosophy"

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Russian philosophy

"The development of Russian philosophy" - Manifestations of unity. Mikhail Nesterov. The philosophy of A. S. Khomyakov was based on providentialism. Oil. 1917. Task for independent work. Russian philosophy. Philosophers Pavel Florensky and Sergei Bulgakov. Russian philosophy (XIX - XX centuries). In science, the doctrine of Cosmism is based on theories about the birth and evolution of the Universe.

"A Brief History of Russian Philosophy" - The Origins of Russian Philosophy. Lack of historical traditions. Russian Enlightenment. Lack of natural results. Someone new starts to philosophize. Questions. Chaadaev. The masses obey known powers. Anomalies of Russian history. Hardness. Mission of Russia. Philosopher. Philosophy in Russia. The absence of a natural beginning.

"Russian Philosophy" - The dominance of the moral attitude. worldview action. Use of periodicals. Very early - about the place of man, humanity and Russia in the universe. Problems of individualism, subjectivity, "I" - in the background. Scientist, scientific and technical direction: K. Tsiolkovsky, V. Vernadsky).

"The Development of Philosophy in Russia" - Series. Historical reference. A.F. Losev and V.M. Losev. Russian Marxism. Modern look. Tom. Names and achievements. Philosophers N. A. Berdyaev, S. L. Frank. Philosophy of Russia of the XX century. Before the revolution, the gap between European and Russian philosophy did not have. There are currently five volumes in the series. Composition of volumes of the series.

"Features of Russian Philosophy" - Russian Marxism. core of dialectics. Political philosophy. The doctrine of the state. G. V. PLEKHANOV V. I. Lenin. Roots of idealism. Functions of philosophy. Class struggle. principles of dialectics. Party philosophy. Dialectics. Marxism. Questions. Capitalism. The objectivity of truth. Philosophy of history. Class struggle.

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The concept of "matter" and "spirit". The meaning of the transformation of the concept of "being" into the concept of "matter" in dialectical materialism. Tyumen State University Checked by: Candidate of Philosophy, Associate Professor I.B. Muraviev Tyumen, 2009

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Plan 1. The concept of "Matter" and "Spirit". 1.1 The concept of "Matter". 1.2 Properties of matter. 1.3 The concept of "Spirit". 2. historical forms materialism. 3. The meaning of the transformation of the concept of "being" into the concept of "matter" in dialectical materialism. 3.1 Reasons for the transformation of the concept of "being" into the concept of "matter". 4. List of literature and sources. 5. Tests for self-examination.

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The concept of "Matter". According to dialectical materialism: Matter is a philosophical category for designating the objective reality given to us in sensations, which is copied, photographed, displayed by our senses, existing independently of them. (V.I.Lenin) Objective reality is everything that exists outside of human consciousness and independently of it.

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In the definition of Matter, in essence, the main question of philosophy, the question of the relationship between matter and consciousness, is solved. Matter is primary in relation to consciousness. Primary in time, because consciousness arose relatively recently, and matter exists forever.

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According to the relational concept, space and time are determined by material processes. Philosophical category to indicate the position of objects is space. The philosophical category for designating the change of states of material objects is time.

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The concept of "Spirit" Spirit is the totality and focus of all the functions of consciousness that arise as a reflection of reality, but concentrated in a single individuality, as an instrument of conscious orientation in reality to influence it and, in the end, to remake it.

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The spirit appears in different forms of being: as the spirit of an individual (personal spirit), as a general, collective spirit (objective spirit, for example, the spirit of the people) and as an objectified spirit (a set of completed creations of the spirit, for example - in works of art).

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The spirit has many attributes, including those that cannot be grasped rationally; due to such complexity of the spirit as a special phenomenon of being, its definition in concepts is difficult. The spirit is not visible thing He is not at all a thing among things. The spirit is revealed in the subject, not in the object. “The spirit is a different, higher quality of existence than the existence of soul and body.

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Historical forms of materialism. Materialism (from lat. materialis - material) is the doctrine according to which matter, and consciousness is secondary. There are 4 stages in the history of materialism:

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1. Spontaneous materialism of the pre-Socratic period. Identifies matter with some kind of substance (water, air, fire, etc.). Bright representatives of this form of materialism are the first Greek natural philosophers: Thales, Anaximenes, Anaximander Heraclitus, Empedocles Thales of Miletus

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3. Mechanical materialism Period (XVII-XVIII centuries) The era of modern times and enlightenment. The world is material, it is a mechanism, the smallest particles of which are atoms.

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4. Dialectical materialism Part of Marxist philosophy. It differs from mechanical materialism in that it considers matter capable of self-development.

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The meaning of the transformation of the concept of "being" into the concept of "matter" In modern times, matter was considered as a beginning that exists on its own. Matter has become substance Now Being is Matter A transformation has taken place

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Reasons for the transformation of being into matter: Philosophers sought to build philosophy on the model of the natural sciences. If it were possible, then we would have a complete knowledge of the world. Philosophers sought to change the world. Marxist philosophy used materialism to substantiate the need for revolutionary changes in social life.

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References and sources Literature: 1. Lavrinenko V.N. Philosophy: Proc. Allowance.- M.: Jurist, 1996.-512 p. 2. Kokhanovsky V.P. Philosophy: a textbook for higher educational institutions. - Rostov n / D .: "Phoenix", 1997. - 576 p. 3. Alekseev P.V., Panin A.V. Philosophy: textbook. - M. - 2005. - 608 p. Sources: 1. http://www.filo.ru/ 2. http://filosof.historic/ru/ 3. http://www.gumer.info/

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Tests for self-examination 1. Philosophical category for indicating the position of objects: a) Movement b) Space c) Time 2. Indicate the correct statement: a) Consciousness exists forever b) Matter arose relatively recently c) Matter is primary in time and exists vein 3. Representative ancient atomism was: a) Anaximenes b) Democritus c) Thales 4. Epicurus was a representative of: a) ancient atomism b) dialectical materialism c) spontaneous materialism 5. Representative of what historical stage of materialism was matter compared with some kind of substance?: a) dialectical materialism b) ancient atomism c) spontaneous materialism

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Tests for self-examination 6. Representatives of mechanical materialism argued: a) The world is a mechanism, the smallest particles of which are atoms. b) Matter is capable of self-development 7. What kind of materialism is a part of Marxist philosophy?: a) Mechanical b) Dialectical c) Elemental 8. Mechanical materialism refers to the period: a) Modern times b) Antiquity c) Middle Ages 9. Objective reality is: a) the totality and focus of all the functions of consciousness b) that which exists outside the consciousness of a person and independently of it c) A philosophical category for designating a change in the states of material objects atomism b) dialectical materialism c) spontaneous materialism

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Materialism and idealism in science

Materialism and idealism in science

Materialism and idealism in science

Epicurus Thales Democritus

Denis Diderot John Toland Paul Henri Thiry Holbach

Materialism and idealism in science

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Karl Marx V.I. Ulyanov (Lenin)

Materialism and idealism in science

Materialism and idealism in science

Materialism and idealism in science

Materialism and idealism in science

Materialism and idealism in science

The classical form of idealism is the philosophy of Plato. The peculiarity of Plato's idealism is reduced to religious and mythological representations

Materialism and idealism in science

Rene Descartes Immanuel Kant David Hume George Berkeley

Materialism and idealism in science

Russian philosophy

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