John Searle. The man who keeps on dreaming

SEARLE, JOHN ROGERS(Searle, John Rogers) (b. 1932), also Searle, American philosopher. Born in 1932 in Denver (Colorado) in the family of an AT&T company manager. During the Second World War, the family lived in various cities on the East Coast, where Searle changed several high schools, including an experimental school at Columbia University. In 1949-1952 he studied at the University of Wisconsin, then, after receiving a Rhodes Scholarship, at Christ Church College, Oxford University under George Austin. After receiving a master's degree (1955), he taught philosophy and worked on a dissertation; received his doctorate from Oxford in 1959. From 1959 to the present - at the University of California (Berkeley), professor since 1967; in 1973–1975 he headed the department of philosophy. As a visiting professor, he lectured at universities in many countries of the world. Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences since 1976; honorary doctorate from a number of universities.

Searle is widely cited in linguistics, artificial intelligence, and cognitive science. In the 1960s and 1970s, Searle was mainly engaged in the development of the theory of speech acts proposed by J. Austin. In the article What is a speech act? (What is a Speech Act?, 1965, Russian. per. 1986), he clarified the definition of a speech act, in the article Classification of speech acts (A Taxonomy of Illocutionary Acts, 1975, rus. per. 1986) revised proposed new taxonomy, which has become generally accepted; in the article Indirect speech acts(Indirect Speech Acts, 1975, rus. per. 1986) Austin introduced the important concept of indirect speech act ( cm. SPEECH ACT). All these articles have been reprinted many times and have been translated into many languages. The results of the work on the study of speech acts were summed up in monographs Speech acts: an essay on the philosophy of language (Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language, 1969), Expression and Meaning: Studies in the Theory of Speech Acts (Expression and Meaning: Studies in the Theory of Speech Acts, 1979) and Foundations of illocutionary logic (The Foundations of Illocutionary Logic, with D. Vanderveken, 1985).

The focus of Searl's first work speech acts (Speech Acts, 1969) - the distinction between the "illocutionary" and "propositional" content of speech acts. If the propositional content of a statement—for example, the statement "it's raining"—consists in the judgment that it's raining, then its illocutionary content lies in the speaker's (implicit) obligation to represent things as they are. If the propositional content of a command is the nature of the action one is to perform, then its illocutionary content is an attempt to induce that action.

According to Searle, speech acts do not exist by themselves - it is thanks to their connection with consciousness that they are able to represent ("represent") things that exist in the world. The theory of the representational content of language must be based on a corresponding theory of consciousness. Searle uses in this connection the notion of intentionality, i.e. orientation of consciousness towards objects. In contrast to traditional theories, he considers that the bearers of intentionality are not beliefs and desires, but perceptions and actions. In the course of the debate sparked by his theory, Searle advanced the thesis that there is a moment of self-reflection in the intentional content of perceptions: if, for example, a person sees a tree, then the very content of this visual perception implies the existence of a tree. In addition, the philosopher believes that intentional content can only be understood on a non-intentional basis of practical skills and abilities.

Starting from the 1980s, Searle's interests shifted to the field of philosophy of consciousness and thinking, he became, along with D. Dennett (b. 1942) and H. Putnam (b. 1926), a leading specialist in philosophical aspects artificial intelligence. The beginning of this stage was laid by the article Minds, Brains, and Programs (Mind, brain and programs, 1980), in which Searle turned to criticism of the theoretical claims of artificial intelligence as a research direction and, in particular, to criticism of the classic "Turing test" ( cm. TURING, ALAN) and the ideas based on it about the possibility of modeling the human understanding of natural language. The behavioral criterion proposed in 1950 by Turing (the ability to respond to speech stimuli in a way indistinguishable from a human reaction), according to Searle, is not a sufficient criterion for understanding: for example, if there is an exhaustive guide (i.e. program) for the transition from a question in Chinese to answering in Chinese, a person is able to maintain a dialogue in Chinese, without understanding a word of Chinese; meanwhile, this is exactly how modern computer dialogue systems operate. This thought experiment, called the "Chinese room", caused an intense discussion, which has not been completed to this day (COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS). The ideas of the article were developed in a 1984 public lecture published as a book. Minds, Brains, and Science (Mind, brain and science, 1984).

Searle's book is devoted to the relationship between philosophy and cognitive science Rediscovery of the Mind (The Rediscovery of Mind, 1992). Searle's article was also widely known. Metaphor(1979, Russian translation 1990), which analyzes the nature of metaphorical meaning, and the monograph Intentionality: An Essay on the Philosophy of Thinking (Intentionality: An Essay in the Philosophy of Mind, 1983, rus. per. small fragment 1986). Other books by Searle in the 1980s and 1990s are devoted to the social context of the functioning of the human mind, which can be seen as a philosophical generalization of the theory of speech acts.

Pavel Parshin

John Searle. The man who keeps on dreaming

One of the few surviving childhood photographs of John Searle, referred to by his closest associates as "Master John"

For four consecutive years (from 1968 to 1972), every first Sunday of the month, John Searle's neighbors and bystanders observed paranormal phenomena. In the hands of the professor, unusual generators came to life, rotated and generated energy; disks with a diameter of half a meter to 10 meters rose into the air and made controlled flights from London to Cornwall and back.

BBC TV journalists have begun filming a documentary about the extraordinary devices. It was shown on television. The result was unexpected: the local electricity committee accused John Searle of stealing electricity. The electricians did not believe that his laboratory was powered by its own source. The scientist was imprisoned for 10 months. During this time, a strange fire broke out in the laboratory, but even before it, all the equipment, drawings and mysterious inventions disappeared. The scientist's wife left. In 1983, 51-year-old John Searle was released from prison as a bankrupt. What would you do in his place? Searle started over. Perhaps the tempering received in childhood affected.

Childhood

John Searle was born in 1932 in the UK in the county of Berkshire. His childhood can hardly be called happy, at least in the traditional sense. There were no loving parents in this childhood; they were, in fact, non-existent. For six years of official married life, his father left the family seven times and did not pay attention to his son at all. Mom was mentally ill, trying to make ends meet and cared more about the device own life than about raising children.

At the age of four, by decision of the court, John was transferred to the custody of the state, and he moved to Dr. Barnardo's boarding house. From childhood, he became a frequent guest in hospitals, as he suffered from a rare disorder of the vestibular apparatus and hearing, which they could not cure. Because of this, in old age, Searl began to experience severe headaches.

In his childhood there were many religious dogmas and few friends. None of his friends, much to John's regret, could afford to defy the prohibitions and, having tied all the sheets at hand, descend from the third floor of the locked boarding house to feel the taste of freedom.

But in his childhood there were dreams. Very strange dreams. He dreamed of numbers, they were combined into squares, and in a strictly defined way: so that the sums of numbers along the horizontals, verticals and diagonals turned out to be equal. In mathematics, such squares are called magic squares. And in his dreams there was Electricity. The dreams came back again and again, but for the boy they were just beautiful pictures: He couldn't understand the images he saw. But he realized that he had to connect his life with electricity. Over time, such dreams began to come less frequently, but they greatly influenced his inventive activity. For example, in 1993, after many years of unsuccessful attempts to theoretically explain experimental data, it was in a dream that Searle saw Pythagoras, who gave a simple and beautiful solution to his problem. Thus was born the famous law of squares.

law of squares

In 1946, John Searle began to earn his own living: he got a job as an electric motor repair engineer. It was then that he made a fundamental discovery of the nature of magnetism. He discovered that the addition of a small amount of alternating current (~100 ma) of radio frequency (~10 MHz) during the manufacture of permanent ferrite magnets gave them unexpected new properties. After a series of experiments with flat magnets, Searle made a ring magnet and several cylindrical ones. Having magnetized them in an open way, he placed cylindrical magnets on the outside of the annular one. In this case, a slight push of one of the cylinders caused all the cylinders to start moving in a circle. And this movement did not stop.

Searle discovered that if the number of rollers around is equal to some specific minimum number, then they begin to rotate on their own, increasing speed until they come into dynamic equilibrium.

His invention opened up access to a new, hitherto unknown method of generating energy. Without material costs for the process itself. But Searle was interested in something else: what does the installation parameters depend on? Why is it that with different sizes, different numbers of rollers, different materials and different magnetizations, we do not always reproduce the effect itself? He understood that there were some "good combinations" of installation parameters, but he could not find a key that would help to understand and calculate these combinations. There was one step left before the discovery of the law of squares.

Scheme of Searle's first experiments with magnetized bars and rollers

Replacing the rectangular bar with a ring magnet makes the movement of the rollers more natural

The classic scheme of a modern three-level generator on the Searl effect

The Russian version of the John Searle generator - the installation of S. M. Godin and V. V. Roshchin
During the experiment, up to 7 kW of electricity was obtained without an external power source and a loss of up to 40% of the installation weight was observed.

The first decisions and understandings came at night. Intense daytime reflections were resolved in a dream, and unexpectedly: Searle saw the required parameters of his installation, their numerical values \u200b\u200bcombined in tables like this one.
31 37 28 38
40 26 35 33
34 32 41 27
29 39 30 36

At first glance, this is an ordinary magic square: the sums of numbers along the horizontals, verticals and diagonals are equal. But John Searle discovered that his "ordinary" magic squares have extraordinary properties. For the inquisitive gaze of the inventor and naturalist, they became, as he himself says, "a window into nature." Everything in nature is built on the strictest laws, the professor is convinced, but we do not see them. We cannot see them because we received a standard education, which is why we are simply blind. Or put on blinders. Having filled our minds with stereotypes, we have lost the very ability to be surprised, to search without prejudice, we have ceased to see. And we perceive reality not as it is, but as we were taught to perceive it.

Searle is convinced that his law of squares is not a discovery. On the contrary, it is a revival of the principles of ancient mathematics, which, according to him, are more than 5,000 years old. The law of squares, described in detail in the book of John Searle, is a visual form of expression of the laws existing in nature. It opens up to an unbiased researcher and requires, first of all, a decisive parting with established concepts, views, and approaches. Many tried to reproduce Searle's settings, but few succeeded: those who had the patience to understand the principles of operation of these installations, who were ready to say: "I know that I know nothing" - and were not afraid to part with stereotypes.

The law of squares cannot be explained in one article. But John Searle is ready to send his book to anyone who wants to understand it.

SEG and IGV

All his life, Searle dreamed of embodying those images and ideas that visited him in childhood. At first, it was an ardent youthful interest, mixed with a craving for the unknown. Over time, he grew into a creative fire of a mature researcher. As the prototypes improved and the law of squares was comprehended, the contours of the Dream that led him from childhood became more and more clearly outlined. John Searle realized that he could be useful, that his talent belonged not so much to him as to those who needed his work.

A person today is too focused on consumption, too greedy for all sorts of benefits, the professor believes. And we are too dependent on sources of energy, which is still not enough. The growing thirst for consumption leads to pollution of the planet, including as a result of burning oil products. And if the instinct of consumption is not so easy to defeat, then it is quite possible to give humanity an environmentally friendly source of energy. This is how the idea of SEG (Searl Effect Generator) was born.

In fact, John Searle simply supplied his system of self-propelled magnets with a converter of the energy of their movement into electrical energy. Rotating magnetic cylinders generated electric current in coils installed around the perimeter - everything was extremely simple. But in order for the generator to work as efficiently as possible, it was necessary to strictly maintain the parameters calculated according to the square law. And this, in turn, required more and more precise equipment. Machine tools, presses, equipment for magnetizing generator elements, a vacuum chamber for working with neodymium powder, and the basis of magnetic rings began to appear in the laboratory. The modest dwelling of the scientist gradually turned into something between a laboratory and a workshop. But this workshop was completely autonomous: it was powered by Searl's miracle generators.

Simultaneously with the experiments, research continued. The scientist discovered that when the speed of rotation of the magnetic cylinders increases, the generator ... loses weight. To investigate this effect, Searle made a separate generator in the form of a disk and forcibly (using an external engine) spun it up to high speed. The tests took place outdoors. To everyone's surprise, the disk, continuing to spin, separated from the generator and quickly rose up to 15 meters. A pink glow emanated from it; there was a smell of ozone. All of a sudden, the radios around him turned on. The generator, meanwhile, accelerated to even greater speed and soared sharply into the sky, disappearing from sight. Searl took time to learn how to control what was later called the IGV (Inverse Gravity Vehicle) - anti-gravity vehicle. Despite the loss of several experimental disks, which it was not clear how to stop, John Searle later learned to fly them in flight; the maximum range of controlled flight is 600 kilometers!

The professor's experiments were repeated in Russia, the USA and Taiwan. In Russia, for example, in 1999, under No. 99122275/09, an application for a patent "device for generating mechanical energy" was registered. Vladimir Vitalievich Roshchin and Sergey Mikhailovich Godin, in fact, reproduced SEG and conducted a number of studies with it. The result was a statement: you can get 7 kW of electricity without spending; the rotating generator lost up to 40% in weight. It would seem that we are standing on the threshold new energy and almost crossed this threshold ...

But not everything is so simple.

A film about SEG and IGV made by the BBC and shown on British television is now unavailable in any archive. Searle's first lab equipment was taken to an unknown destination while he himself was in prison. The installation of Godin and Roshchin simply disappeared; all publications about her, with the exception of the application for an invention, disappeared. Of course, one can blame everything on the energy monopolies, who do not want to lose their oil income, and the secret services, who seek to turn all innovations into weapons, but this is probably just the tip of the iceberg. Iceberg of human consciousness, which does not change in one moment. In this sense, everything new must not only be born, but also pass the test of time, earn its right to exist. There must be those who will be ready to understand and accept, and not just use. And therefore like-minded people are always a hundred times more important than material support or public recognition.

Companions

They say that like attracts like. Despite the fact that in the case of magnetism this principle works exactly the opposite, in the life of John Searle himself it was exactly like this: in some incomprehensible way, he attracted amazing people into his orbit.

It must be said that the professor himself undeservedly has a reputation as an uncommunicative person. Journalists do not miss the opportunity to reproach him for his unwillingness to share secrets. John Searle always laughs back: “In my life I have told my secrets to more than a million people. I wonder why they don't want to hear?" Indeed, this middle-aged man has spent the last decades traveling the world, visiting all continents and giving a huge number of lectures. These lectures did not bring money, it was an attempt to get through, an attempt to find like-minded people.

What John Searle told and showed at his lectures left no doubt about the reality and prospects of his inventions. Entrepreneurial people constantly hovered around him, ready to find funds and opportunities for organizing the production of miracle generators. But, alas, such people were not at all interested in how and why these generators work. Their eyes lit up when they mentally calculated the possible profit, and immediately went out when the professor said that he did not intend to earn money, but to work for the common good of all people. It's good that it wasn't always like this.

Once, traditionally answering questions after a lecture, John Searle drew attention to a man who literally froze and only watched the lecturer with his eyes. They talked for a long time in private after they all left. Bradley, "the man in black", became one of Searle's closest associates. Working for BKL Films, one of the Hollywood companies, he is currently making a film about John Searle and his inventions. It also captures on video all the details of current experiments. Just in case. You never know.

There were other touching stories as well. Once, after a professor's lecture, an elderly couple waited for a long time. Very embarrassed, they gave the inventor ... a pair of new shoes. Having little understanding of the topic of the lecture, they were amazed that the old shoes of such a charming lecturer were about to part with the soles. The fact is that it has long become the norm for Searle to save as much as possible on food and clothing, to spend all available funds on research to the last penny. Bill Sherwood and his wife have since taken care of the professor and, to the best of their ability, help him run his business.

Today, John Searle has a large and friendly team of associates in the UK. He is actively collaborating with laboratories in the US and Taiwan that are doing parallel research and development work with SEG. Several private investors helped him not only restore the plundered laboratory, but also equip it with the latest technology. Searle himself constantly lectures and gives interviews. And of course it continues to work. It would seem, what else is needed for happiness?

But he still lacks something. He cannot calm down. And now she dreams of opening her own high school in order to teach children to look at the world more broadly from childhood. He dreams of such an education that will not put the blinkers of obsolete dogmas on children's eyes, suppressing the exploratory spirit in children, but will prepare them to perceive the world as it is, in its infinite harmony and beauty.

John Searle dreams of stopping the pollution of our planet, the cause of which he sees in the irrepressible greed of man, leading to a lack of energy and material resources. He believes that a clean source of free electricity will solve the problem of people living below the poverty line.

Perhaps this is naive. Perhaps not all of his dreams are destined to come true. But you can definitely say why, despite any difficulties, he has achieved and continues to achieve success. In one of the newspaper publications, he was called "a man who continues to dream." It's probably better not to say. Living in the 21st century, he doesn't really live here. He lives in a beautiful, fair, perfect world of dreams, which he is trying with all his might to return to people. And it's not even in his technical genius. He believes and knows that the world can be a better place; and inspires others with his faith.

John Rogers Searle (in some sources in Russian Searle, Searle, Searle, John Rogers, July 31, 1932, Denver, Colorado) is an American philosopher.

In the 1960s and 1970s, he was engaged in the development of the theory of speech acts. The author of the concept of indirect speech act. Since the 1980s, he has become a leading specialist in the philosophy of artificial intelligence. Professor of Philosophy at the University of California, Berkeley.

He gained wide popularity throughout the philosophical world due to his harsh criticism of artificial intelligence and cognitive psychology.

John Searle received the Jean Nicot Prize in 2000 and the National Humanities Medal in 2004.

John Searle is the author of many books, including The Construction of Social Reality, Speech Acts: Essays in the Philosophy of Language, Expression and Meaning: A Study of the Theory of Speech Acts, John Searle and His Critics, The Mystery of Consciousness, Freedom and neuroscience".

Books (4)

Construction of social reality

This book answers the questions: how can the objective world of money, property, marriage, governments, elections, football games, parties, and courts exist in a world that is made entirely of physical particles and force fields, and in which some of these particles are organized into systems that are conscious biological animals like us?

Reopening consciousness

“Despite our modern self-confidence about how much we know, despite the validity and universality of our science, we are remarkably confused and immersed in disagreements about what is the essence of mental activity. As in the parable of the blind man and the elephant, we grasp some questionable property and proclaim it to be the essence of the mental. “There are invisible offers!” (language of thought). “There are computer programs!” (cognitivism). “There are only causal relationships!” (functionalism). "There's nothing there at all!" (eleminativism). And so, sadly, further.

Rationality in action

The book by the great American philosopher John Searle is an original study of one of the central problems of Western philosophy - the problem of rationality.

The author analyzes the factors that determine the rational actions of a person, the fundamental differences between the rationality of a person and the rationality of animals, the nature of altruism. Close attention is paid to the controversy with the so-called "classical model" of rationality, the phenomena of altruism and weakness of will.

The book is distinguished by a clear manner and strict logic of presentation.

Philosophy of language

The proposed book was compiled by the famous American philosopher and linguist John Rogers Searle and contains articles on various problems of the philosophy of language by prominent scientists - J.L. Austin, P.F. Strawson, G.P. Grice, N. Chomsky, J. Katz, H. Putnam, and N. Goodman.

Among the problems raised are the concept of a speech act and the relationship between meaning and speech act; the theory of transformational generative grammars and its significance for philosophy; discussion of the hypothesis of the innate character of ideas and the empirical theory of syntax natural languages proposed by Chomsky.

Reader Comments

Eugene/ 1.04.2019 Thank you very much

Vyacheslav Kostenkov/ 21.07.2010 Einstein's mistake.
To justify his postulate of the limiting speed of light, Einstein,
looking at Newton's second law, he suggested that the mass of bodies increases.
It is much more reasonable to say that the speed of light is unattainable due to
increase in the resistance force of the medium (vacuum). Whatever the urge
ship or how much we did not give energy to the particle on the accelerator, they
below the speed of light. Acceleration is compensated by force
environment resistance, the speed does not increase! At speeds close
to the speed of light (SRT) time slows down, longitudinal dimension
is reduced (one dimension degenerates), and the mass must tend to
not to infinity, as Einstein erroneously believed, but to zero!!! If
the body becomes flat, why should the mass become
infinitely big?! Come to your senses people, open your eyes, turn on your mind!
SRT is in harmony with GR. At speeds close to
light as well as with a gravitational field strength close to
infinity time stops, size degenerates, mass
approaching zero! Stop wandering in the dark!!!
At a speed equal to the speed of light and in the Schwarzschild region, the body
(object) will disappear from our space and move to the adjacent
subspace, the mass will become negative (imaginary), time will pass
back, the size will be restored, but the body (object) will turn inside out
(will turn into a mirror double).
More details on the website: www.vykostenkov.narod.ru.

Vyacheslav Kostenkov/ 07/21/2010 Please conduct an examination of my work on the website:: www.vykostenkov.narod.ru
The deepest respect and bow to you,
Vyacheslav Kostenkov

Vyacheslav Kostenkov/ 20.07.2010 Size, time and mass (gravity) are interconnected! And not only in SRT, but also in the General Theory of Relativity Searle's Disk shields the Earth's gravitational field, and therefore affects time. That is, it can be used to slow it down, speed it up and even reverse it. And this, gentlemen, is eternal youth, eternal life (immortality)!!! For more details see the website: http://www.vykostenkov.narod.ru/

John Searle - a great dreamer or a brilliant scientist?

John Searle is an "unrecognized" English scientist with a difficult fate and with unique discoveries and inventions that can make a world revolution not only in various technical and economic sectors of the development of our civilization, but also calling for reflection and rethinking the current state of affairs as an individual person, as well as and all mankind in general.

John Searle was born in 1932 in the UK in the county of Berkshire. His childhood can hardly be called happy, at least in the traditional sense. There were no loving parents in this childhood; they were, in fact, non-existent.At the age of four, by decision of the court, John was transferred to the custody of the state, and he moved to Dr. Barnardo's boarding house.As a child, Searle was sick a lot and was alone with himself, which, he believes, gave rise to an extraordinary type of thinking in him, which made it possible not to fall under the dogmas of the educational system.

In addition, since childhood, Searl saw prophetic dreams, which in the future served as the necessary keys to create his inventions.

law of squares

The first solutions and understanding of the law of squares came gradually at night. Intense daytime reflections were resolved in a dream, and unexpectedly. Searle saw the desired parameters of his setup, their numerical values combined in tables like this:

For the inquisitive gaze of the inventor and naturalist, they became, as he himself says, "a window into nature." Everything in nature is built on the strictest laws, the professor is convinced, but we do not see them. We cannot see them because we received a standard education, which is why we are simply blind. Or put on blinders. Having filled our minds with stereotypes, we have lost the very ability to be surprised, to seek without prejudice, we have ceased to see. And we perceive reality not as it is, but as we were taught to perceive it.

Searle generator and levitating disk SEG and IGV.

After a series of experiments with flat magnets, Searle made a ring magnet and several cylindrical ones. Having magnetized them in an open way, he placed cylindrical magnets on the outside of the annular one. In this case, a slight push of one of the cylinders caused all the cylinders to start moving in a circle. And this movement did not stop.

Searle discovered that if the number of rollers around is equal to some specific minimum number, then they begin to rotate on their own, increasing speed until they come into dynamic equilibrium.His invention opened up access to a new, hitherto unknown method of obtaining energy without material costs for the process itself. Subsequently, this invention was called the "Searle Generator".

"Flying Disc"

With further experiments and research, the scientist discovered that when the speed of rotation of the magnetic cylinders increases, the generator ... loses weight. To investigate this effect, Searle made a separate generator in the form of a disk and forcibly (using an external engine) spun it up to high speed.

The tests took place outdoors. To everyone's surprise, the disk, continuing to spin, separated from the generator and quickly rose up to 15 meters. A pink glow emanated from it; there was a smell of ozone. All of a sudden, the radios around him turned on. The generator, meanwhile, accelerated to even greater speed and soared sharply into the sky, disappearing from sight.

Searle took time to learn how to drive what was later called the IGV (Inverse Gravity Vehicle), an anti-gravity vehicle.

Despite the loss of several experimental discs, which it was not clear how to stop.

Later, John Searle learned to fly them; the maximum range of controlled flight is 600 kilometers!

The professor's experiments were repeated in Russia, the USA and Taiwan. In Russia, for example, in 1999, under No. 99122275/09, an application for a patent "device for generating mechanical energy" was registered. Vladimir Vitalievich Roshchin and Sergey Mikhailovich Godin, in fact, reproduced SEG and conducted a number of studies with it. The result was a statement: you can get 7 kW of electricity without spending; the rotating generator lost up to 40% in weight. It would seem that we are on the threshold of a new energy and have almost crossed this threshold ...

But not everything is so simple.

A film about SEG and IGV made by the BBC and shown on British television is now unavailable in any archive. Searle's first lab equipment was taken to an unknown destination while he himself was in prison. The installation of Godin and Roshchin simply disappeared; all publications about her, with the exception of the application for an invention, disappeared. As, in general, the inventions of many scientists and researchers of alternative energy sources. Of course, it is most likely that energy corporations and monopolies are involved in this, not wanting to lose income from oil, and special services that are striving to turn all innovations into weapons, but this is probably just the tip of the iceberg...

According to Professor Searle, human consciousness does not change overnight. In this sense, everything new must not only be born, but also pass the test of time, earn its right to exist. There must be those who will be ready to understand and accept, and not just use. What happens if Searl's technology falls into the wrong hands?!..

It's probably better not to say. Living in the 21st century, he doesn't really live here. He lives in a beautiful, fair, perfect world of dreams, which he is trying with all his might to return to people. And it's not even in his technical genius. He believes and knows that the world can be a better place; and inspires others with his faith.

Video:

, J. Austin , Dreyfus

Influenced by: Signature:

John Rogers Searle(in some sources in Russian, Searle, Searle, Eng. Searle, John Rogers, genus. listen)) is an American philosopher. In the 1960s and 1970s, he was engaged in the development of the theory of speech acts. The author of the concept of indirect speech act. Since the 1980s, he has become a leading authority on the philosophy of artificial intelligence. Professor of Philosophy at the University of California, Berkeley. The author of the well-known thought experiment "Chinese room", which rejects the possibility of reproducing the semantic component of the human intellect by syntactic means.

He gained wide popularity throughout the philosophical world thanks to his harsh criticism of artificial intelligence and cognitive psychology.

Philosophy

Based on his views on intentionality, Searle, in The Rediscovery of Consciousness (1992), describes his view of consciousness. He believes that since behaviorism, a significant part of modern philosophy tries to deny the existence of consciousness.

Searle believes that philosophy has found itself in a position of false dichotomy: on the one hand, the world consists only of objective particles, on the other hand, consciousness has a subjective experience in the first person. Searle says that both positions are correct: consciousness is a real subjective experience caused by physical processes in the brain. He proposes to call this position biological naturalism .

A consequence of biological naturalism is that if we want to create a conscious being, then we need to recreate the physical processes that cause consciousness. Searle's position is thus at odds with the "strong AI" view that once we have a certain program on a computer, we can create consciousness.

In 1980, Searle introduced the "Chinese Room" argument, which aims to prove strong AI to be false.

Personal Features

Searle is famous for his directness. There are cases when he tried to disrupt reports he did not like at conferences by climbing onto the stage or criticizing the speaker from his seat. In the printed controversy, Searle is even more blunt. In particular, he accused Daniel Dennett of mental disability (Dennett responded to these accusations in the same vein), and called David Chalmers' book a collection of absurdities. At the same time, Searle is just as critical of himself. He admits his incompetence in the history of philosophy, in particular, his total unfamiliarity with the works of Kant, Leibniz and Spinoza and very poor acquaintance with the works of Plato and Aristotle. At the same time, Searle claims that his own ignorance helps him in his professional activities, since, according to him, famous philosophers often did not solve complex problems so much as created them.

Publications

Speech Acts (1969)
Expression and Meaning (1979)
Consciousness, Brains, and Programs (Minds, Brains, and Programms, 1980).
Intentionality: An Essay in the Philosophy of Mind, 1983
Rediscovery of consciousness (The Rediscovery of Mind, 1992).

In Russian

Searle J. R., Vanderveken D. Basic concepts of speech act calculus // New in foreign linguistics. Issue. XVIII. M., 1986
Searle J.R.; indirect speech acts; Classification of speech acts // New in foreign linguistics. Issue. XVII. M., 1986
Searle J. R. Nature of intentional states // Philosophy, logic, language. M., 1987
Searle, J. // In the world of science. (Scientific American. Edition in Russian). 1990. No. 3.
Searle J. R. Metaphor // Theory of Metaphor. M., 1990.
Searle J. R. // Analytical Philosophy: Formation and Development. M., 1998.
Searle J. / Per. from English. A. Kolodiya, E. Rumyantseva. - M.: Progress-Tradition, 2004. - 336 p. ISBN 5-89826-210-5 -

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Literature

Vasiliev V.V. Chapter 2 // . - Moscow: Progress-Tradition, 2009. - S. 54-105. - 272 p. - 1000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-89826-316-0.
Pospelova O. V. Fundamental ontology of John Searle and minimal conditions of the political // - 2010. - No. 1. - Volume 2. Philosophy. - S. 193-203.
Pospelova O. V. Political action and the problem of free will in the practical philosophy of J. Searle // Izv. PSPU. Humanities. No. 23.-2011.
Levin S. M. Searl in Moscow: fragments of the event // Bulletin of the Leningrad State University named after A. S. Pushkin.- 2011. - No. 2. - Volume 2. Philosophy - S. 246-251.
Levin S. M. Metaphysics and General Theory of Social Reality by J. Searle // Bulletin of the Leningrad State University named after A. S. Pushkin.- 2011. - No. 3. - Volume 2. Philosophy - P.161-170.
John Searle and his Critics, Ernest Lepore and Robert van Gulick (eds), Oxford/Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1991.
Nick Fotion, John Searle, Princeton/Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2000
Fabrice Clément et Laurence Kaufmann, Le monde selon John Searle, ed. du Cerf, 2005
Prado G., Searle and Foucault on Truth, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
Searle's Philosophy and Chinese Philosophy, Constructive Engagement, Bo Mou (ed.). Leiden, Boston: Brill, 2008.
Raoul Moati, Derrida/Searle: Deconstruction et langage ordinaire, ed. PUF, 2009
Sychev A. A. // Ethical Thought. 2012. No. 12. P. 143-156.

Notes

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from the original source 09/16/2012.
from the original source 09/16/2012.
// Encyclopedia "Round the World".
from the original source 09/16/2012.
from the original source 09/16/2012.
, 2011-06-13.



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Excerpt characterizing Searle, John

“What do you think,” the old prince said angrily, “that I am holding her, that I cannot part with her? Imagine! he said angrily. - To me at least tomorrow! I'll just tell you that I want to know my son-in-law better. You know my rules: everything is open! Tomorrow I'll ask you in front of you: if she wants, then let him live. Let him live, I'll see. The prince snorted.
“Let him go, I don’t care,” he shouted in that piercing voice with which he shouted at parting with his son.
“I’ll tell you straight out,” said Prince Vasily in the tone of a cunning man who was convinced of the need to cunning in front of the insight of his interlocutor. You can see right through people. Anatole is not a genius, but an honest, kind fellow, a wonderful son and dear.
- Well, well, well, we'll see.
As it always happens for single women who have lived for a long time without male society, when Anatole appeared, all three women in the house of Prince Nikolai Andreevich equally felt that their life had not been life before that time. The power to think, to feel, to observe instantly multiplied tenfold in all of them, and, as if up to now, taking place in darkness, their life was suddenly illuminated by a new, full of meaning light.
Princess Mary did not think at all and did not remember her face and hairstyle. The handsome, open face of the man who might be her husband consumed all her attention. He seemed to her kind, brave, resolute, courageous and generous. She was convinced of it. A thousand dreams of the future family life popped up in her mind all the time. She drove away and tried to hide them.
“But am I too cold with him? thought Princess Mary. - I try to restrain myself, because deep down I feel too close to him; but he does not know all that I think of him, and can imagine that he is unpleasant to me.
And Princess Mary tried and did not know how to be amiable with the new guest. "La pauvre fille! Elle est diablement laide," [Poor girl, she is devilishly ugly,] Anatole thought of her.
M lle Bourienne, also cocked by Anatole's arrival to a high degree of excitement, thought in a different way. Of course, a beautiful young girl without a certain position in the world, without relatives and friends, and even a homeland, did not think to devote her life to the services of Prince Nikolai Andreevich, reading books to him and friendship with Princess Mary. M lle Bourienne has long been waiting for that Russian prince who will immediately be able to appreciate her superiority over Russian, bad, badly dressed, awkward princesses, fall in love with her and take her away; and this Russian prince finally arrived. M lle Bourienne had a story she heard from her aunt, finished by herself, which she liked to repeat in her imagination. It was a story about how a seduced girl imagined her poor mother, sa pauvre mere, and reproached her for having given herself to a man without marriage. M lle Bourienne often moved to tears, in her imagination telling him, the seducer, this story. Now this he, the real Russian prince, has appeared. He will take her away, then ma pauvre mere will appear, and he will marry her. This is how m lle Bourienne's whole future history took shape in her head, at the very time she was talking to him about Paris. It was not calculations that guided m lle Bourienne (she did not even think for a minute about what she should do), but all this had long been ready in her and now it was only grouped around the appeared Anatole, whom she wished and tried to please as much as possible.
The little princess, like an old regimental horse, having heard the sound of a trumpet, unconsciously and forgetting her position, prepared for the usual gallop of coquetry, without any ulterior motive or struggle, but with naive, frivolous fun.
Despite the fact that Anatole in women's society usually put himself in the position of a man who was tired of women running after him, he felt conceited pleasure, seeing his influence on these three women. In addition, he began to feel for the pretty and defiant Bourienne that passionate, bestial feeling, which came over him with extreme speed and prompted him to the most rude and daring deeds.
After tea, the company moved into the sofa room, and the princess was asked to play the clavichord. Anatole leaned his elbows in front of her beside m lle Bourienne, and his eyes, laughing and rejoicing, looked at Princess Marya. Princess Mary, with painful and joyful excitement, felt his gaze on her. Her favorite sonata transported her to the most sincerely poetic world, and the look she felt on herself gave this world even greater poetry. But Anatole's gaze, although fixed on her, did not refer to her, but to the movements of m lle Bourienne's foot, which at that time he was touching with his foot under the piano. M lle Bourienne also looked at the princess, and in her beautiful eyes there was also an expression of frightened joy and hope, new to Princess Mary.
“How she loves me! thought Princess Mary. How happy I am now, and how happy I can be with such a friend and such a husband! Really a husband? she thought, not daring to look at his face, feeling the same gaze fixed on herself.
In the evening, when after dinner they began to disperse, Anatole kissed the hand of the princess. She herself did not know how she had the courage, but she looked directly at the beautiful face that approached her short-sighted eyes. After the princess, he went up to the hand of m lle Bourienne (it was indecent, but he did everything so confidently and simply), and m lle Bourienne flushed and looked frightened at the princess.
"Quelle delicatesse" [What a delicacy,] - thought the princess. - Does Ame (that was the name of m lle Bourienne) really think that I can be jealous of her and not appreciate her pure tenderness and devotion to me. She went up to m lle Bourienne and kissed her hard. Anatole went up to the hand of the little princess.
– Non, non, non! Quand votre pere m "ecrira, que vous vous conduisez bien, je vous donnerai ma main a baiser. Pas avant. [No, no, no! When your father writes to me that you are behaving well, then I will let you kiss my hand. Not before.] - And, raising her finger and smiling, she left the room.

Everyone dispersed, and, except for Anatole, who fell asleep as soon as he lay down on the bed, no one slept that night for a long time.
“Is he really my husband, this particular stranger, handsome, kind man; the main thing is kindness, ”thought Princess Marya, and fear, which almost never came to her, came over her. She was afraid to look back; she fancied that someone was standing behind the screens, in a dark corner. And this someone was he - the devil, and he - this man with a white forehead, black eyebrows and a ruddy mouth.
She called the maid and asked her to lie down in her room.
M lle Bourienne walked for a long time in the winter garden that evening, waiting in vain for someone and then smiling at someone, then moving to tears with the imaginary words pauvre mere, reproaching her for her fall.
The little princess grumbled at the maid because the bed was not good. She could not lie on her side or on her chest. Everything was hard and awkward. Her stomach bothered her. He interfered with her more than ever, precisely today, because the presence of Anatole transferred her more vividly to another time, when this was not the case and everything was easy and fun for her. She was sitting in a blouse and cap on an armchair. Katya, sleepy and with a tangled scythe, interrupted and turned over the heavy feather bed for the third time, saying something.
“I told you that everything is bumps and pits,” the little princess repeated, “I myself would be glad to fall asleep, therefore, it’s not my fault,” and her voice trembled, like that of a child about to cry.
The old prince did not sleep either. Tikhon, through his sleep, heard him walking angrily and snorting his nose. It seemed to the old prince that he was offended for his daughter. The insult is the most painful, because it did not apply to him, but to another, to his daughter, whom he loves more than himself. He told himself that he would rethink the whole thing and find what was right and right to do, but instead he only annoyed himself more.
“The first person he met appeared - and the father and everything is forgotten, and runs upstairs, combs her hair and wags her tail, and she doesn’t look like herself! Glad to leave my father! And she knew that I would notice. Fr... fr... fr... And don't I see that this fool is only looking at Buryenka (I must drive her away)! And how pride is not enough to understand this! Though not for myself, if there is no pride, so for me, at least. We need to show her that this blockhead does not think about her, but only looks at Bourienne. She has no pride, but I will show it to her "...
Having told his daughter that she was mistaken, that Anatole intended to look after Bourienne, the old prince knew that he would irritate Princess Mary's pride, and his case (desire not to be separated from his daughter) would be won, and therefore calmed down on this. He called Tikhon and began to undress.
“And the devil brought them! he thought while Tikhon covered his dry, senile body, overgrown with gray hair on his chest, with a nightgown. - I didn't call them. They came to ruin my life. And there's a little left."
- To hell! he said while his head was still covered with a shirt.