The role of religion in modern society presentation. Presentation on the topic “The place of religion in the modern world
Topic 1 Religion as a subject of religious studies and as a social institution Educational questions: 1. The current religious situation in the world and in Russia. 2. History of origin, subject, methods, goals and objectives of religious studies. 3. The concept of religion as a phenomenon in society.
SHARE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD WHO BELIEVE THAT RELIGION PLAYS A “VERY IMPORTANT” ROLE IN THEIR LIFE (in%) “Attempts to formulate ideas about God from the position of reason are “the lust of curiosity.” God can only be understood by faith. I believe it because it’s absurd.” (Tertullian, Christian theologian) 3
PROJECTED GROWTH IN THE NUMBER OF FOLLOWERS OF DIFFERENT RELIGIONS IN THE WORLD (million people) It is believed that no more than 15% of people have the “talent” for religious perception of the world, the remaining 85% can believe and join religion, go to church because it is so accepted 4
COMPOSITION OF RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION (in%) 5 Every fifth Russian considers himself a believer and strives to observe all the rituals prescribed by his religion. Another 42% consider themselves more likely to be believers than non-believers. And 18% of respondents believe that there is higher power. Among non-believers, there are few convinced atheists - only 4%, the remaining 10% described themselves as “rather non-believers.” (VTsIOM, 2006)
RELIGIOUS STUDIES Religious studies is a humanitarian discipline that studies the essence of religion, the historical stages of its development and the current state. Identification of the essence of religion, determination of its role in human life and society. Characteristics of the main stages of the development of religion and its historical forms Analysis of the content of the most widespread world and national religions, their past and present Determination of the role and place of religion in the system of spiritual culture of mankind Analysis of points of view on the causes and circumstances of the emergence of religion The subject of religious studies is the patterns of the emergence, development and functioning of religion as one of the forms of worldview, its spread , influence on the political, economic and cultural life of the population of the Earth, as well as changes in religious traditions and the current state of religious teachings and church organizations, their relationships with society and the state Strict objectivity, specific historical consideration of the subject Tolerance, tolerance, dialogue between religious and non-religious worldviews Consideration religion in the context of the development of the spiritual culture of mankind Inadmissibility of educating students in the spirit of any faith Freedom of conscience (i.e. free religion and freedom of atheistic teachings) 6
Philosophy of religion This is a picture of the world in certain faiths, including answers to the questions: What is a person? What is external world? What should I do? In the second meaning, philosophy of religion is a theoretical understanding of a religious phenomenon using philosophical methods knowledge. Phenomenology of religion The object is repeating structures in different religions, a sublated form of religiosity. All religions have some basic elements that are not related to space-time content. These are symbols with the help of which sacred communication is carried out, as well as subjective and objective phenomena as a consequence of this communication. Subjective phenomena in religion are religious feeling, conviction, piety, piety, holiness, dissatisfaction with earthly things, faith in a mediator. Objective phenomena include rituals, prayers, sacrifices, the concept of sin and atonement. History of Religion Explores the movement of religion through time. Using comparative, structural, system analysis, she processes the array historical facts, directly and indirectly related to the emergence, preservation and extinction of religious processes. Psychology of religion Studies the religious consciousness and behavior of an individual, as well as the processes of accepting religious beliefs, the adaptation of a religious adherent to public life, and the impact of religious practices on the psyche. Sociology of religion Explores the functioning of religion in society, its influence on the formation of social groups, as well as the relationship between religion and politics, religion and power. Here religion is seen as a social subsystem. 7
BASIC APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF RELIGION (from the Latin ecclesiastical, religious), i.e. religious. Scientists who adhere to this approach belong to specific confessions (churches, religions), and therefore, by building a picture of the development of religion, comparing and contrasting different religious teachings, their ultimate goal is to establish the truth of their religion, to prove its superiority over others. Sometimes it happens that, considering the history of religions as historical process, they do not include information about “their” religion in the general overview, believing that it should be considered separately, outside the general flow of history, according to a special methodology. This approach can also be called apologetic (from the Greek: defensive). Considers people's faith in God as a mistake, a temporary, transitory phenomenon, but occupying a certain place in history. For this approach, what is more important is not so much the religion itself as the history of its survival in human consciousness. As a rule, researchers who take an atheistic position pay great attention to the social, economic, and political side of religious life, while the subtleties of religious doctrine interest them to a much lesser extent, and sometimes even distract and irritate them as something insignificant and even funny. (from gr. - phenomenon, given) An approach from the point of view of which religion is described and studied without connection with the problem of the existence or non-existence of God. If religion exists as a phenomenon, therefore, it can and should be studied. Cultural historians, archaeologists, ethnographers, art historians, i.e., played a major role in the phenomenological study of religions. all researchers whose areas of interest naturally came into contact with religious life both in ancient times and in the present day. They might be interested historical role the church, which they consider at some stages reactionary, hindering human progress, is either positive and progressive, or neutral to it. “Religion is a special system of spiritual activity of people, the specificity of which is determined by its focus on illusory supernatural objects” (Scientific atheism) 8
DEFINITIONS OF THE CONCEPT OF “RELIGION” Philosophical T. Hobbes: Religion is an invention allowed by the state. (And the inventions he did not allow are superstitions). G. Hegel: Religion is a kind of understanding and representation of existence by man. Psychological S. Freud: Religion is a universal collective neurosis, a consequence of feelings of fear, guilt and a person’s unsuccessful struggle with his natural unconscious drives. K. Jung: Religion is a product of the “collective unconscious”, ancient archetypes of humanity developed and processed into a system of symbols. Cultural studies E. Taylor: Religion is the result of the mental activity of individuals, belief in “spiritual beings”, based on a person’s interest in special conditions: sleep, fainting, illness. Theological A. Men: Religion is “the refraction of being in the minds of people.” 9
STRUCTURE OF RELIGION Religious consciousnessReligious activityReligious organization A specific form of social consciousness, including two levels. They represent ordered groups of people who jointly send religious ceremonies Religious psychology: a set of religious feelings, images, scattered ideas, chaotic visions, emotions, moods of believers Religious ideology: a coherent system of ideas and theories that set out the fundamentals of the doctrine of a particular religion Carried out in cult and non-cult forms Non-cult activities are carried out in spiritual and practical spheres. Spiritual: production of religious ideas, systematization and interpretation of the tenets of theology. Practical: religious propaganda, missionary work, etc. Cult is a system of special actions through which people seek to influence supernatural beings, properties and relationships that are the subject of their faith Church - a community of believers bound by the unity of Christian doctrine, hierarchy and sacraments Sect - an opposition movement in relation to previously established, dominant religious movements Charismatic cult - a type of sect created on the basis of an association of adherents of a particular personality (charisma) A denomination is an intermediate type, depending on the nature of education and the trend of evolution, combining the features of a church and a sect. “Religion is faith, spiritual faith, confession, worship of God or basic spiritual beliefs” (V. Dahl) 10
STRUCTURE OF RELIGIOUS CULT Religious cult is a social form of objectification of religious consciousness, implementation religious faith in the actions of a social group or individuals. The cult system is a set of certain rituals. RITE A set of stereotypical actions established by the custom or tradition of a particular social community, symbolizing certain ideas, norms, ideals and ideas Purifying Propitiatory immersion in water pouring water baptism sacrifice prayer verbal (verbal) appeal of a person to the object of his faith Special sacraments worship of saints, icons and other post Circle of annual worship Circle of weekly worship Circle of daily worship - nine services “Religion will forever be needed by an individual in order to overcome premonitions and fear of death, misfortune and fatal fate” (B. Malinovsky) 11
FUNCTIONS OF RELIGION Worldview Consists in the transmission by religion to a person of a worldview, worldview, world feeling, attitude Existential Consists in its internal support of a person for whom it acts as a meaning-forming factor Integrating Consists in the unity of society around the same principles and the direction of society along a certain path of development Political Consists in its ability to influence on political system Legitimizing The essence is that for the stable existence of a social system it is necessary to observe and follow certain legalized patterns of behavior Regulatory With the help of this function, religion is considered as a specific value-orientation and normative system Ideological Religion is a superstructural phenomenon, a form of social consciousness Disintegrating Acting as a source of unity of certain social communities on the basis of one or another creed, religion simultaneously contrasts these communities with other communities formed on the basis of another creed. The social essence is that the influence of religion on the individual and society in several interrelated directions can lead to various consequences. The functions of religion are understood the nature and direction of the influence of religion on individuals and society or, to put it more simply, what “religion gives to each specific person, this or that community, society as a whole, how it influences people’s lives Educational Encourages a person to accept and implement a certain system in his life moral values 12
FORMS OF RELIGIOUS SYSTEMS Religious (lat.) – connection with God, veneration of the gods; means faith, a special view of the world, conviction in the existence of the supernatural, a set of ritual and cult actions, as well as associations of believers in a special organization Belief in many gods (paganism) Belief in one God Identification of God with nature 13
STRUCTURAL HIERARCHY OF RELIGION RELIGION DIRECTIONS OF CURRENT DENOMINATIONS Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Judaism, Mandaeism, Zoroastrianism, Yezidism, Hinduism, Jainism, Sikhism, Confucianism, Taoism, Shintoism and new ones formed in the 19th – 20th centuries. (Baha'ism, etc.) ON THE EXAMPLE OF CHRISTIANITY: Orthodoxy, Catholicism, Protestantism, Monophysitism, Nestorianism ON THE EXAMPLE OF PROTESTANTISM: Anglicanism, Lutheranism, Calvinism, Mennoniteism, Baptism, Adventism, Restorationism, Methodism, Perfectionism, Pentecostalism, Salvationism, etc. ON THE EXAMPLE OF ADVENTISM : Seventh-day Adventists, Reform Adventists, etc. 14
BUDDHISM arose in the 6th century. BC. In India, CHRISTIANITY arose in the 1st century. AD In the eastern part of the Roman Empire, ISLAM arose in the 7th century. AD in Western Arabia Hinayana Lamaism Mahayana Orthodoxy XI century. Catholicism of the 11th century. Kharijism Sunnism Shiism Protestantism 16th century Sri Lanka, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, India, Burma China, Korea, Japan Tibet, Mongolia, Buryatia, Tuva, Kalmykia There are 15 autocephalous churches in Orthodoxy. They exist in Europe and America. In the territory of the former USSR, widespread in Lithuania, Ukraine, Belarus Professed by Azerbaijanis, Persians and Kurds from Turkmenistan and Bukhara Professed by the indigenous nationalities of Central Asia, Kazakhstan, some nationalities of the Russian Federation Professed by residents of Oman, the United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Morocco and the Islands Zanzibar in Tanzania MAIN WORLD RELIGIOUS SYSTEMS Character traits: lack of ethnocentrism, social flexibility, proselytism 16
RELIGION AS A PHENOMENON Religion is a stable belief in the supernatural and the possibility of contact with it through certain actions (rites) COMPOSITION OF RELIGION AS A PHENOMENA A system of dogmas originating from the mythology of a given religion A supreme essence endowed with a higher mind A set of ritual and/or magical actions performed in accordance with the canonical establishments of a given religion A public institution that unites adherents of a given religion A public institution that unites adherents of a given religion Belief God Cult Church Norm Moral norms that have been sanctified in the system of dogmas of a given religion Moral norms that have been sanctified in the system of dogmas of a given religion Human religion is social a suit that can be taken off and changed. If this costume were purely ideological, then such beliefs would change very often, because beliefs are generally changeable. But in religion, the essence of the matter is not in beliefs, not in this or that complex of ideas, but in the sensory and emotional experiences of faith by a person. (P. Sorokin) 17
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Religion in modern worldSlide 2
Lesson plan 1. Religion as a form of culture 2. The role of religion in the life of society 3. World religions 4. Freedom of conscience 5. Religious organizations and associations in the Russian Federation
Slide 3
One of the oldest forms of culture is RELIGION. Religion is a worldview and attitude, as well as corresponding behavior, based on belief in the existence of God or gods, the supernatural. During the existence of mankind there have been many religions. Known: PANTHEISM (Greek - universal) - identification of God with the whole world, deification of nature. POLITEISM (Greek - many) - polytheism (ancient Greece, Rome, ancient Slavs, India) MONOTHEISM (Greek - one) monotheism, a religious system that recognizes one God. ATHEISM (Greek - denial) - denial of the existence of God. Distinctive features of religion beliefs rituals Ethos (moral position) View of the world Symbol system
Slide 4
Religion has come a long and difficult path in its development. TOTEMISM - worship of a clan, tribe, animal, plant, object considered an ancestor. ANIMISM - belief in the existence of souls, spirits FETISCHISM - belief in the supernatural properties of special objects MAGIC - belief in the effectiveness of rites, rituals National religions: Judaism Hinduism Confucianism Shintoism World religions Buddhism Christianity Islam Hinayana Tantrism Lamaism Mahayana Orthodoxy Catholicism Protestantism Sunnism Shi'ism Kharijism
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Table. Modern religions(practical work) Name of religion Main provisions 1 Buddhism: Tantrism Lamaism 2 Christianity: Orthodoxy Catholicism Protestantism 3 Islam: Sunnism Shiism
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Religion Structure Functions - Religious consciousness - Religious cult - Religious organizations - Worldview - Regulatory - Therapeutic - Communicative - Culture-translating - Integrating - Legitimizing
Slide 10
The role of religion in the life of society Religion is one of the ways to find answers to philosophical questions: "Is there a soul?" , “What underlies human actions?”, “What is the difference between good and evil?” Some argue that additional strength was given to a person by the confidence that he is not alone, that he has divine patrons who come to him in difficult times. Others believe that there are many unknown things left in the world, the secret of which a person wants to reveal, but cannot do this, and when there are no scientific answers to questions, they are found in religious ideas. People's belonging to the same religious faith and their joint performance of religious rites united them into one whole. A common religion and joint religious activity were a powerful unifying factor that contributed to national consolidation. By preaching moral commandments, religion had a tremendous influence on the development of spiritual culture - holy books(Vedas, Bible, Koran) - sources of wisdom and kindness. Architecture, music, painting, literacy; a powerful source of patriotism (Sergius of Radonezh, Great Patriotic War)
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According to the reference book "Religious Associations Russian Federation"to the share of the Russian Orthodox Church accounts for over half religious communities(6709 out of 12 thousand), uniting approximately 75% of Russian believers. There are 2,349 Muslim communities, comprising 18% of Russian believers. The religious life of adherents of Islam is managed by 43 spiritual administrations of Muslims. In addition, there are 113 Buddhist communities in Russia (Kalmykia, Tyva, Moscow, Krasnodar, St. Petersburg, Kazan, Anapa, etc.) Organizations of other faiths are registered in Russia: Roman Catholic Church, Old Believers, Evangelical Christians, Baptists, Christians of the Evangelical faith - Pentecostals, Seventh-day Adventists, Jews, Lutherans, etc. State registration of religious organizations is carried out by justice authorities on the basis of submitted documents. The state reserves the right to refuse registration religious organization. In Art. 12 of the Federal Law "On Freedom of Conscience and religious associations" indicates as grounds for refusal the contradiction of the goals and objectives of a religious organization with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and Russian legislation; inconsistency of the charter and other documents with the requirements of the law or unreliability of the information contained. (In 1996, a criminal case was opened in Moscow against the Aum Shinrikyo branch on charges of antisocial activities )
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Constitution of the Russian Federation (Article 14) Federal Law “On Freedom of Conscience and Religious Associations” of 1997 The state grants its citizens the right to profess, individually or together with others, any religion or not to profess any, to freely choose, change, have and disseminate religious and other beliefs and act in accordance with them. A religious association in Russia is recognized as a voluntary association of citizens and other persons permanently and legally residing in the country, formed for the purpose of jointly professing and spreading the faith. Religious associations Religious group Religious organization Sect Church Voluntary association of citizens permanently and legally residing in the territory of our country operates without state registration
According to the directory “Religious Associations of the Russian Federation,” the Russian Orthodox Church accounts for more than half of the religious communities (6,709 out of 12 thousand), uniting approximately 75% of believers in Russia. There are 2,349 Muslim communities, comprising 18% of Russian believers. The religious life of adherents of Islam is managed by 43 spiritual administrations of Muslims. In addition, there are 113 Buddhist communities in Russia (Kalmykia, Tyva, Moscow, Krasnodar, St. Petersburg, Kazan, Anapa, etc.) Organizations of other faiths are registered in Russia: the Roman Catholic Church, Old Believers, Evangelical Christians, Baptists, Christians of the Evangelical faith -Pentecostals, Seventh-day Adventists, Jews, Lutherans, etc. State registration of religious organizations is carried out by justice authorities on the basis of submitted documents. The state reserves the right to refuse registration of a religious organization. In Art. 12 of the Federal Law “On Freedom of Conscience and Religious Associations” specifies as grounds for refusal the contradiction of the goals and objectives of a religious organization with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and Russian legislation; non-compliance of the charter and other documents with legal requirements or unreliability of the information contained. (In 1996, a criminal case was opened in Moscow against the Aum Shinrikyo branch on charges of antisocial activities)
Religion in the modern world. Religious associations and organizations in the Russian Federation Grade 11 Lesson plan 1. Religion as a form of culture. 2. The role of religion in the life of society. 3. World religions. 4. Freedom of conscience. 5. Religious organizations and associations in the Russian Federation. Religion - this is a worldview and attitude, as well as corresponding behavior, based on belief in the existence of God or gods, the supernatural.
- Religion – a set of ideas, beliefs and rituals that unite people into a single community
- The main feature of religion is belief in the supernatural
Religious ideas
Religious ideas
Religious sentiments
Religious sentiments
Religious activities
Religious activities
Religious organizations and institutions
Elements of religion
love of God, fear of evil spirits...
myths, legends, tales, the Bible, the Koran...
prayer, sermon, sacrament...
church, sect, monastery...
Polytheism
Monotheism
Distinctive features of religion
beliefs
rituals
Ethos (moral position)
view of the world
symbol system
A type of religious activity, practically spiritual exploration of the world
MAGIC (witchcraft)
PROPATIATION CULT
EARLY FORMS OF RELIGION
TOTEMISM
FETISHISM
worship of a clan, tribe, animal, plant, considered an ancestor.
belief in the supernatural properties of special objects
belief in the existence of souls, spirits
NATIONAL-STATE RELIGIONS
CONFUCIANISM
SHINTOISM
WORLD RELIGIONS
CHRISTIANITY
CATHOLICISM
ORTHODOXY
PROTESTANTISM
Orthodox Christianity
Catholic Christianity
Protestantism
Signs of world religions
Huge number of followers
EGALITARITY – preaching the equality of all people, appealing to representatives of all social groups
Propaganda activity and proselytism– the desire to convert people of other religions to one’s faith
Cosmopolitan(goes beyond nations and states)
FUNCTIONS OF RELIGION
- Worldview
- Regulatory
- Therapeutic
- Communicative
- Culture-translating
- Integrating
- Legitimizing
- "Is there a soul?" ,
- "What lies at the heart of human actions?"
- "What is the difference between good and evil?"
- People’s belonging to the same religious faith, their joint performance of religious rituals, united them into one whole. A common religion and joint religious activities were a powerful unifying factor and contributed to national consolidation.
- By preaching moral commandments, religion had a tremendous influence on the development of spiritual culture - sacred books (Vedas, Bible, Koran) - sources of wisdom and kindness. Architecture, music, painting, literacy; a powerful source of patriotism (Sergius of Radonezh, Great Patriotic War)
To the share of the Russian Orthodox Church accounts for over half of religious communities (6,709 out of 12 thousand), uniting approximately 75% of believers in Russia.
Muslim communities 2349, they include 18% of Russian believers. The religious life of adherents of Islam is led by 43 spiritual administrations of Muslims
in Russia valid 113 Buddhist communities (Kalmykia, Tyva, Moscow, Krasnodar, St. Petersburg, Kazan, Anapa, etc.)
Organizations of other faiths registered in Russia: The Roman Catholic Church, Old Believers, Evangelical Christians, Baptists, Christians of the Evangelical faith - Pentecostals, Seventh-day Adventists, Jews, Lutherans, etc.
- Freedom of religion is only an element of freedom of conscience, since freedom of religion includes freedom to choose religion and freedom to practice religious rites.
- Freedom of conscience- a person’s natural right to have any beliefs.
- Freedom of conscience- more broad concept than freedom of religion.
- The state grants its citizens the right to profess, individually or together with others, any religion or not to profess any, to freely choose, change, have and disseminate religious and other beliefs and act in accordance with them.
- A religious association in Russia is recognized as a voluntary association of citizens and other persons permanently and legally residing in the country, formed for the purpose of jointly professing and spreading the faith.
A voluntary association of citizens who permanently and legally reside in the territory of our country operates without state registration
Religious associations
RELIGIOUS GROUP
RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATION
CHURCH
SECT
Religious associations are separated from the state and are equal before the law
State registration of religious organizations is carried out by justice authorities on the basis of submitted documents.
- State registration of religious organizations is carried out by justice authorities on the basis of submitted documents.
- The state reserves the right to refuse registration of a religious organization. In Art. 12 of the Federal Law “On Freedom of Conscience and Religious Associations” indicates as grounds for refusal contradiction of the goals and objectives of a religious organization with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and Russian legislation; non-compliance of the charter and other documents with legal requirements or unreliability of the information contained.
- (1996 in Moscow, a criminal case was opened against the Aum Shinrikyo branch on charges of antisocial activities)
Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus' Kirill
RELIGION. (plan) 1. The concept of religion, its features. 2. Reasons for the emergence of religion. 3.Functions of religion in modern society: A) compensatory (therapeutic); B) ideological; B) communicative; D) regulatory; D) integrating; E) culturally transmitting. 4.Early forms of religion: A) totemism; B) fetishism; B) animism. 5. National-state religions: A) Judaism (Israel); B) Hinduism (India). 6.World religions: A) Buddhism; B) Christianity (Catholicism, Orthodoxy, Protestantism); C) Islam (Sunnism, Shiism). 7. The relationship of religion with morality and law. 8.Freedom of conscience and religion. 9. State and religion. RELIGION AS A SOCIAL INSTITUTION. 1.What is religion. 2. Religious organizations: A) church, B) sects 3. Functions of religion: A) worldview B) educational C) regulatory D) compensatory E) communicative 4. Types of religions: A) polytheistic, monotheistic B) archaic, national-state, world 5. Features of world religions 6. Freedom of conscience. RELIGION AS ONE OF THE FORMS OF CULTURE. 1. Religion and religious faith. 2. Features of religious faith: A) belief in the presence of supernatural powers B) experiences, feelings of a person in relation to God C) religious cults and rituals 3. The role of religion in human life: A) regulation of people’s behavior B) education of a person C) formation of a worldview D) providing psychological assistance E) ridding a person of loneliness E) uniting people to solve problems important to society. 4. Religious organizations and associations: A) the church as an organization of followers of religious doctrine B) sects and their characteristics 5. Freedom of conscience, freedom of religion 6. The Constitution of the Russian Federation on freedom of conscience and religion: A) equality of religions, the absence of an official, state religion B) separation of church and state C) guarantees for believers to practice their worship D) lack of discrimination on religious grounds.