Basic concepts and subject of philosophy. What is philosophy and why is it necessary - presentation
2 The formation of philosophy from mythology In ancient myths, the picture of the universe expresses an emotional and figurative perception of reality. On the basis of mythology, the formation of philosophical ideas took place, the basis of which was a rational explanation of the world. The world is a given that does not require proof.
3 Topic 1. Basic concepts and subject of philosophy Questions: The formation of philosophy from mythology Subject and definition of philosophy Characteristic features of philosophy Purpose: To study the basic concepts of philosophy To identify the specifics of philosophical knowledge To determine the role of philosophy in society Topic categories: worldview, mythology, religion, philosophy, idealism, materialism, ontology, epistemology, philosophical anthropology, social philosophy, logic, aesthetics, axiology
4 Historical types of worldview Worldview - a system of views on the world Mythology basis: myth, emotional-figurative explanation Religion basis: dogma, belief in the existence of the supernatural Philosophy basis: theory, rational explanation of the world Mythology - a complex of myths that set out ideas about the origin of the world, about its structure, about the emergence of man and society Religion - belief in the real existence of a supernatural force (God), which dominates the world around us and influences human life Philosophy - reflection, reveals the picture of existence, using a logical-conceptual apparatus in the form of a theory, based on evidence , using philosophical terms (categories)
5 Religion and Philosophy Religion Philosophy 1. Religion is belief in the real existence of a supernatural force (God) 2. Religious ideas are not subject to any criticism 3. Religion is authoritarian 1. Philosophy is rational-theoretical knowledge 2. Philosophy contains a free critical assessment of oneself and society 3. Philosophy requires independence of thinking; in it, the mind is not subject to any authority.
7 (BC) Definition of philosophy Pythagoras - ancient Greek philosopher, great mathematician first used the term Philosophy (Greek Philio - love, sophia - wisdom) Philosophy - love of wisdom, selfless pursuit of truth “Everything is a number!” The world consists of the harmony of numbers and geometric shapes
8 The main feature of philosophy is that it initially represents an integral worldview, as a system of general views on the WORLD: nature, man, society. Subject of philosophy: universal relations in the “man-world” system, searching and finding answers to the main questions of existence, cognition in order to obtain new knowledge about world The goal of philosophy is to understand the immensity. Philosophy is a special type of mental activity, focused on understanding the general laws of development of the world, considering nature, man, society as a single interconnected whole, determining the place of man in the world and understanding the meaning of his existence. The main feature of philosophy
9 Stages of the formation of philosophy 1. The emergence of philosophy (VII - VI centuries BC) 2. Ancient philosophy (VII century BC - VI centuries AD) 3. Medieval philosophy (V - XIII centuries) 4. Philosophy of the Renaissance (XIV - XVI centuries) 5. Philosophy of the New Age (XVII - XVIII centuries) 6. Modern Western philosophy (XIX - XXI centuries)
14 Worldview - a system of generalized views on the world, includes cognitive, value, behavioral components Philosophical worldview - a person’s system of views on the world in order to determine his attitude to the world, find his place, find the meaning of life The main question of philosophy is the relationship of thinking to being (spiritual to the material) First side o.v.f. - WHAT IS PRIMARY? Second side o.v.f. - DO WE KNOW THE WORLD? 4 answers are revealed as types of philosophical worldview: materialism, idealism, dualism, pluralism Philosophical worldview
16 Types of philosophical worldview 1. Materialism is a philosophical worldview, according to which material existence determines consciousness. Matter is primary, consciousness is secondary. (Democritus, Marx, Holbach, Feuerbach, Engels, Lenin, etc.) 2. Idealism is a philosophical worldview, according to which consciousness, thought, idea, spirit are primary in the existence of the world. Idealism exists in 2 forms: Objective idealism claims that the basis of everything that exists is ideas, spirit, which are outside of man. (Plato, Hegel). Subjective idealism asserts that the basis of everything that exists is the thought of man, his spiritual world. (J. Berkeley, E. Mach, M. Heidegger, etc.)
17 Continuation: 3. Dualism (lat. duo - two) is a philosophical worldview that asserts that the basis of everything that exists is simultaneously 2 substances: matter and consciousness. (R. Descartes.) 4. Pluralism - a philosophical worldview asserts that the basis of everything that exists can be something third (many principles of being), different from matter and consciousness, which determines them. (Pluralism is characteristic of modern Western philosophy and is represented by various non-classical philosophical ideas and concepts) Types of philosophical worldview
18 Characteristic features of philosophy Philosophy has a subject, a logical-conceptual apparatus, methods Philosophy deals with the main questions of existence Philosophical questions and problems are eternal, do not progress and cannot be finally resolved Philosophical knowledge has generality (universality) Philosophical thought is updated at different historical stages
20 STRUCTURE OF PHILOSOPHY ONTOLOGY LOGIC GNOSEOLOGY ETHICS AESTHETICS Philosophical anthropology Social philosophy Ontology is the doctrine of being. Epistemology is the study of knowledge. Logic is the study of forms of thinking. Ethics is the doctrine of morality. Aesthetics is the study of beauty. Philosophical anthropology is the study of man. Social philosophy - the doctrine of society
21 Functions of philosophy Functions of philosophy Worldview (creates holistic knowledge, forms life attitudes) Methodological (examines methods of cognition) Prognostic (deals with forecasts of the future) Axiological (examines the nature of values) Practical (consists of caring for the welfare of people)
22 Conclusions on the topic 1. Philosophy is: love of wisdom, the doctrine of the general principles of being and knowledge, a special type of human mental activity that develops ideas about the world and man’s place in it. Characteristic features of philosophy: conceptuality, logic, universal philosophical knowledge, eternal philosophical problems, do not have a specific solution Subject of philosophy: universal relations in the “man-world” system; cognition with the aim of acquiring new knowledge about the world; search and answers to the main questions of existence The purpose (role) of philosophy in society: the creation of a holistic worldview based on logical concepts. The Elevation and Perfection of Man
23 Literature A.A. Gorelov. Fundamentals of philosophy. Textbook for secondary vocational education // rec. FGAO "FIRO", 3rd ed., erased. M.: publishing center "Academy", 2011 V.P. Kokhanovsky. Fundamentals of philosophy. Textbook. Ed. "Knorus", 2013 O.N. Strelnik. Fundamentals of philosophy. Textbook. Ed. "Urayt", 2014 A.G. Spirkin. Fundamentals of philosophy. Textbook for secondary vocational education. Ed. “Urayt”, 2015 To be continued... Philosophy is not a boring theory, but a search for those who strive to act!
Essence of Man
Slides: 18 Words: 964 Sounds: 0 Effects: 5Philosophical anthropology. For all specialties. Lecture plan Philosophical anthropology: the problem of man. Requirements for knowledge, skills and abilities. Material for knowledge recovery. Contents Philosophical anthropology: the problem of man. Key concepts Study material Self-test questions Recommended reading. Key concepts Philosophical anthropology: the problem of man. Educational material The problem of the essence of man in the history of philosophy. In the history of philosophy, there is a tradition - a continuity of views on the essence of man. In the twentieth century: The irrationalistic idea of the essence of man became the most widespread. - The essence of man.ppt
Philosophy of man
Slides: 139 Words: 13364 Sounds: 0 Effects: 12Philosophy. A course on the fundamentals of philosophy in a schematic presentation. Course Objectives The course is an introduction to philosophical issues. Each diagram is devoted to a philosophical problem. Historical types of worldview. Mythology. Religion. General. Types of worldview. Differences. Relies on reason, real observations, logical analysis, generalizations, conclusions, evidence. Basic types of worldview. Worldview. Everyday (ordinary) worldview. It exists in the form of common sense, spontaneous, unsystematized, traditional ideas about the world. Religious worldview. - Philosophy of Man.ppt
Thinkers about man
Slides: 72 Words: 1797 Sounds: 0 Effects: 335Thinkers of the past about society and man (Part-1). Ancient thinkers about the world and man. Myths of antiquity. There are several thematic cycles of myths: Cosmogonic - myths about the origin of man and human society. Indian mythology. Indian mythology. Celtic mythology. Anthropogonistic - myths about the origin of man and human society. Prophetic bird Simurgh - Iranian mythology. God of Fire - English mythology. Chinese mythology. Eschatological - myths that predict the “end of the world”, the end of times. Etruscan mythology. Slavic mythology. Scandinavian mythology. - Thinkers about man.ppt
Human right to life
Slides: 20 Words: 248 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Human right to life. Purpose of the study: Controversial issues: Death penalty. The death penalty is the legal deprivation of a person's life as punishment. Application of the death penalty. The human right to suicide. Suicide is the deliberate taking of one's own life. Suicide map of the world. Suicide map of Russia Men. Suicide map of Russia Women. Euthanasia. Organ transplantation. Human cloning. Abortion. Sociological survey. Do you support the death penalty? Do you think euthanasia is legal? How do you feel about cloning? How do you feel about abortion? - Human right to life.ppt
Philosophy of human life
Slides: 26 Words: 835 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Prospects for further human evolution. Plan. The question of the future of man. Groups of ideas about the prospects of human development. Orthodox religious views. Orthodox scientific view. Technotronic concept. Evolutionary-cosmic concept. Russian philosophers about the transformation of man. Spiritual improvement. Spiritualization. The problem of the meaning of human life. Two aspects of the problem of the meaning of human life. Objective meaning of life. Philosophers are idealists. Adepts of the Hidden Wisdom. The problem of personal freedom. The natural aspect of freedom. Fatalism. Indeterminism of free will. - Philosophy of human life.ppt
The problem of man in philosophy
Slides: 19 Words: 985 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Philosophical anthropology and axiology. Philosophical anthropology. The problem of man in philosophy. Philosophy of the Ancient East. The human problem. Medieval Christian concept of man. Man in the philosophy of the Renaissance and Modern times. German classical philosophy. Basic concepts of anthropogenesis. Life. Evolution of life on Earth. Evolutionism. Development of problems of anthropogenesis. Anthropogenesis. Biological evolution of man. Upbringing and education. Specific properties of a person. Human phenomenon. - The problem of man in philosophy.ppt
Man and society in philosophy
Slides: 32 Words: 2624 Sounds: 0 Effects: 169Philosophical views on man and society. I seek only the truth. What is philosophy. Definition of the meaning of the word “philosophy”. Love of wisdom. Philosophy is the realization of the fullness of human life. Philosophy is scientific, aesthetic, moral. Rational branch of spiritual culture. Socrates. Get married no matter what. I know that I don't know anything. Plato. None of us have yet been born immortal. To be afraid of death is nothing more than to attribute wisdom to oneself. Aristotle. Luck is good luck. Habit is second nature. Epicurus. Let us thank wise nature. Confucius. Be hard on yourself and gentle on others. - Man and society in philosophy.ppt
Activities
Slides: 13 Words: 196 Sounds: 0 Effects: 70"Variety of activities." Variety of activities. Activities. Practical. Spiritual. Material and production. Material and social. Cognitive. Prognostic. Socially transformative. Labor. Higher nervous. Creative. Consumer. Leisure. Educational. Recreational. Other classifications. Creative. Destructive. Creative activity. Creation. New information. Self-organization, new rules. Combination and variation. Imagination. Fantasy. Intuition. The Nature of Creativity. Based on previous experience and knowledge. - Types of activities.ppt
Freedom in human activity
Slides: 13 Words: 232 Sounds: 0 Effects: 43Fundamental question: What does the word “Freedom” mean for a person? Freedom in human activity. 1. Educational: To develop students’ knowledge on the topic “Freedom in human activity. Lesson objectives: Associative thinking game Freedom? Messages on the topic of the lesson: 1. “Buridanov’s donkey.” 2. “Freedom” according to the dictionary of S. I. Ozhegov. 3. “Freedom” in the Soviet Encyclopedic Dictionary. Freedom. Necessity. Conscious. Deliberate. Choice. Responsibility. A.S. Pushkin. - Freedom in human activity.ppt
Meaning
Slides: 27 Words: 1157 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Meaning of life. Morozova E.A. Hermann Hesse. To reach the goal, a person needs only one thing. Go. Honore de Balzac. Time doesn't exist. Wheel of samsara. All roads lead to nowhere, but one has a heart and the other does not. Are you happy? You cry, remembering your childhood dreams that have disappeared over the years. You cry, seeing that your pride has been shattered by countless failures. You cry, seeing that the crowd has trampled your individuality. You cry, knowing that you wasted your talent. Og Mandino. God's Memorandum. Then you didn’t believe Me... Listen to My voice. You are My greatest miracle. You are the greatest miracle in the world. - Meaning.ppt
Meaning of life
Slides: 14 Words: 190 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0I.S. Turgenev wrote: “SELF-LOVE is suicide. A proud person dries up like a lonely barren tree.” "What is a sense of life?" (based on the fairy tale “The Wise Minnow” by M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin). Wise. Irony. Three sides of life: Historical Household Fairytale. B. Yasensky “Conspiracy of the Indifferent”: Be afraid of the indifferent.” Honesty Nobility Courage The meaning of human life. “True – false statement.” False False False True True False. Gudgeon? Minnow? - The meaning of life.ppt
The meaning of human life
Slides: 13 Words: 439 Sounds: 0 Effects: 23Topic: “The problem of the meaning of life in the minds of adolescents.” The essence of this concept lies in the individual’s attitude to himself and to society, to understanding his place in society and to understanding the social significance of his activities. The question of the meaning of life can be called one of the main “human” questions that probably every person asks himself. The meaning of each person's life is completely unique. 1.The meaning of life is to preserve beauty and health. 2.Memory as the meaning of life. 3. Consumption of pleasure as the meaning of life. 4.The meaning of life is the achievement of power. “It is difficult to rise at court, but it is even more difficult to become worthy of rise” J. La Bruyère. - The meaning of human life.ppt
The meaning of life and happiness
Slides: 14 Words: 814 Sounds: 1 Effects: 2The meaning of life and happiness. Goal: introduce new concepts. A parable about happiness. What state of mind is reflected in the faces of these people? Happiness is a state of completeness of existence. Sayings about happiness. What is the meaning of life. Diversity of meanings in life. The meaning of life of L.N. Tolstoy. Why does a person live? Basic terms and concepts. You must be able to see the beauty of today and tomorrow. What is this in your hand? - The meaning of life and happiness.ppt
What is happiness
Slides: 11 Words: 1671 Sounds: 0 Effects: 1What is happiness. The goal of the project is to study the understanding and meaning of the word “happiness”. I signed a card for my mother's birthday. Interpretations of the understanding of the word “happiness”. Students' answers. Survey among relatives. Explanation of the explanatory dictionary. Origin of the word "happiness". Dictionary by V. Dahl. Analysis of the understanding of the word “happiness”. - What is happiness.ppt
What is human happiness?
Slides: 21 Words: 876 Sounds: 0 Effects: 5Training. The concept of moral consciousness. What does happiness mean to you? Is it possible to become even happier? Heredity or psychology. Surprise. Professor Andrew Oswald's group. Exercise “Our Emotions”. Constructive ways to deal with anger. Anger needs to be released. Suppressed anger develops into resentment. Irrational demands. Rights of every individual according to Kelly. Exercise “Ladder of Happiness”. What is more important to you? He is his own blacksmith. James Fowler and Nicholas Christakis. What is happiness. Great participation. Happiness is burning. - What is the happiness of a person.pptx
Values
Slides: 21 Words: 712 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Axiology as a doctrine of values. A world that increases the duration of existence. Film: “On the way to the golden ratio.” Science and art. Man exists in a world of values. The difference between cognitive and value relations. Ethics. Morality. Moral. Reasonable behavior. The golden rule of morality. The dominance of reason over affects. Applied ethics. Types of open problems. Problems of bioethics. Aesthetic as a value attitude. Categories of aesthetics. Meaningful signs of beauty. Particular varieties of beauty. Beauty in nature. - Values.ppt
Ideals and values
Slides: 17 Words: 926 Sounds: 0 Effects: 75Values and ideals. The concept of conflict of values. A kind person. Island of spiritual values. Terms and concepts. A competent person. Fields of science. Answers. Rules of law. Ideal. Values. Pets. Greed. Tell a lie. The most important value. "Golden Rule. - Ideals and values.ppt
Values and norms
Slides: 17 Words: 1325 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Social values and norms. The human race. Social values. Values. Pyramid of values. Eternal values. Shrines of man. The basis of social connections. Social value. Norms. Ways to regulate people's behavior. Social norms. Social regulators. Morality. Legal regulation of social relations. Characteristics of legal culture. The golden rule of morality. - Values and norms.ppt
Teenagers' values
Slides: 18 Words: 796 Sounds: 0 Effects: 7Life values of teenagers. Each person has his own moral values. Money. A happy family. A person has the opportunity to make a choice. There is a direct mechanism of connection between value and one’s own assessment. A good education. Good job and career. A good education. Happiness of loved ones. Nice house, apartment. "My life choice." What does a person live for? Adult behavior. Advice for parents. Form a morally healthy personality, incapable of meanness. - Teenage values.ppt
Program “Sociocultural Origins”
Slides: 19 Words: 714 Sounds: 0 Effects: 1Comprehensive integrative program “Sociocultural Origins”. Program concept. Target. Combining content, upbringing and education. Family. Origins. Propaedeutics of “origins”. Methodology. Hear the word. Getting to know the origins of your native culture. Getting to know the origins of spirituality. Traditions of the Fatherland. Seven wonders of Russia. The word and image of the Fatherland. The origins of the deed and the feat. The origins of creativity. In search of truth. - Program “Sociocultural Origins”.ppt
Worldview
Slides: 25 Words: 2063 Sounds: 0 Effects: 261Worldview. Hatred is strong enmity, disgust towards someone or something. Tests “Moral guidelines for activity”. The concept of the categorical imperative. Hungarian crossword. What is the essence of a worldview? What is a worldview? Worldview is different from other elements of the spiritual world. Types of worldview. One of the classifications of types of worldviews. Everyday worldview. Types of worldviews. Strong point. We all walk under one God, although we do not believe in one. A call for peace. About helping those in need. About wealth. About justice. About goodness. For all peoples, the moral foundations of humanity are primordial and uniform. - Worldview.ppt
Worldview and cognition
Slides: 22 Words: 1370 Sounds: 0 Effects: 53The image of a thinking person. Objectives of the elective course. Educational and thematic planning. Truth in the representation of the Russian language and culture. Truth and myth. Myth yesterday and today. The poetry of truth and the truth of poetry. Paths of science. Truth and faith. Spirit and spirituality. Authors and texts. Faith and miracles. Types of linguistic and cultural tasks. Associations. Myth is like life. Myth as legend. Comparative analysis. Myth as metaphor. Myth as a game. Myth is like deception. Development of projective thinking skills. - Worldview and cognition.ppt
Formation of worldview
Slides: 47 Words: 2370 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Formation of the worldview of younger adolescents. Formation of worldview. The problem of worldview formation. Definition of worldview. Worldview. A holistic view of nature. Features of a certain corresponding time. Mythological worldview. Philosophy. Worldview orientations of people. Worldview. Conceptual aspect of worldview. Worldview is always associated with conviction. The worldview is always saturated with sensory relationships. Worldview culture. The structure of the scientific worldview. The formation of the worldview of a teenager’s personality. The need of adolescence. -
Is the world divided into spirit and matter, and if so, what is spirit and what is matter? Is the spirit subordinate to matter, or does it have independent powers? Does the Universe have any unity or purpose? Is the Universe evolving towards some goal? Do natural laws really exist, or do we simply believe in them because of our inherent tendency towards order? Is man what he seems to the astronomer - a tiny lump of a mixture of carbon and water, powerlessly swarming on a small and insignificant planet? Or is the person what Hamlet thought he was? Or maybe he is both at the same time? Are there high and low ways of life, or are all ways of life only vanity? If there is a way of life that is sublime, what is it and how can we achieve it? Does goodness need to be eternal to be worthy of appreciation, or must goodness be striven for even if the universe is inevitably moving toward destruction? Is there such a thing as wisdom, or is what appears to be wisdom simply the most refined stupidity?
According to the famous English philosopher Bertrand Russell, philosophy is the product of two factors: tradition and scientific research. According to the famous English philosopher Bertrand Russell,
philosophy is the product of two factors: tradition and scientific
research.
effect and cause. She is a consequence
social circumstances, politics and
political institutions; time, by
to which it belongs. And she is the reason
beliefs that determine, in their
turn, politics and socio-political institutions of subsequent
centuries.
Philosophy is the knowledge of existence or the eternal.
Plato Philosophy is something in betweenbetween theology and science. Like
theology, she talks about subjects,
exact knowledge regarding which
unattainable. Like science, it
appeals to reason rather than authority, and
tries to answer the most difficult questions
being.
Philosophy is the study of the causes and principles of things.
Philosophy is a discipline that studiesmost common essential
characteristics and fundamental
principles of reality (being) and knowledge,
human existence, human relationships and
peace. It's ancient, but eternal
a renewed form of thought,
theoretically developed, logically
developed type and level
worldview.
Philosophy is the pursuit of theoretical and practical thoroughness.
Stoics Philosophy is a formalizedsystem of ideological relationships
in the form of philosophical laws and
patterns, but devoid
individual system of significance.
Philosophy is the way to achieve happiness through reason.
EpicurusPhilosophy is a holistic, unified science, clothed in a conceptual form.
Philosophy is holistic, unitedscience embodied in
conceptual form.
Descartes Bacon Philosophy is knowledge about objective
a reality beyond our control.
Philosophy is a view of the world, as well as
man's place in it.
Philosophy is action in accordance with
the belief that intelligence and stupidity can be effectively
distinguish by non-political means.
Philosophy is something expressed to others,
presented in the form of communication forms
worldview
Philosophy is a system of all philosophical knowledge.
Kant1) Philosophy is the direct contemplation of the mind. In it all opposites are initially united, in it everything is united and initially connected
Schelling1) Philosophy is
direct
contemplation of the mind. IN
her initially
all connected
opposites, in
everything is one and
originally linked:
nature and God, science and
art, religion and
poetry Philosophy is universal, not special.
the science that underlies all others
Sci. Only art can perform
"an independent subject"
relation to philosophy. For philosophy and
art expresses the same thing -
Absolute. Only the organ of art
is the power of imagination, and the organ
philosophy - reason. 2) Living science. If in philosophy
changes are happening, this proves
only that she has not yet achieved her
the last form and the Absolute image.
Any educated and self-respecting person should know the basics of such a discipline as philosophy. But the problem is that both the works of famous philosophers and textbooks on this science are very difficult to understand. Our presentations on philosophy will help students understand the topic much better thanks to the clever arrangement of slides, each of which covers a separate topic. In addition, thanks to audio files and animation, presentations will help create a more holistic and understandable picture of this branch of science.
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