The ability to courageously and honorably submit to fate. Foresight and predestination of God Books from the future

IX - XIV centuries in medieval European philosophy are called the stage
scholastics
2. _________ is a philosopher of Russian diaspora, author of the study “On Resistance to Evil by Force”
I.A. Ilyin
3. __________ function of philosophy is based on its ability, in alliance with science, to predict the general course of development of existence
Prognostic
4. ___________ is an outstanding figure of the Renaissance, author of the essay “In Praise of Stupidity”
E Rotterdam
5. “The unconscious” according to S. Freud, functions on the basis
primary drives in order to obtain the greatest pleasure
6. “Occam’s Razor” reflects the content of the principle
“entities should not be multiplied beyond what is necessary”
7. “There is nothing outside of nature and man, and higher beings are only fantastic reflections of our own essence,” they said
materialists
8. “The will to power, the attraction of all living things to self-affirmation is the basis of life,” asserted
F. Nietzsche
9. “Everything in history and the destinies of people is predetermined by the will of God,” states
providentialism
10. “Everything in history and the destinies of people is predetermined by the will of God,” states
providentialism
11. “The state of nature,” according to T. Hobbes, is
war of all against all
12. “The incorrect use of language gives rise to pseudo-problems, including philosophical ones,” representatives say
neopositivism
13. “The main geological force creating the noosphere is the growth of scientific knowledge,” wrote
Vernadsky V.I.
14. “Sensations without concepts are blind, and concepts without sensations are empty,” believed
I. Kant
15. Called himself a “Knight of the Free Spirit”
ON THE. Berdyaev
16. “Freedom is a conscious necessity,” believed
B. Spinoza
17. “The meaning of an individual’s life is not to save the soul and serve God, but to serve society,” they argued
Plato, Hegel, Marxists
18. “Philosophy must come down from “heaven to earth” and solve practical, vital problems of man,” representatives believe
pragmatism
19. “The end justifies the means,” say representatives
pragmatism
20. “Man of the masses” is opposed by “superman,” he believed
F. Nietzsche
21. The Four Noble Truths are the basis
Buddhism
22. Author of “Experiments” and creator of a new literary genre - essay
M. Montaigne
23. Author of the famous “Confession”, great Christian thinker
Aurelius Augustine
24. The author of the famous aporia “Achilles and the Tortoise”, “Arrow”, etc. is
Zeno of Elea
25. The author of the work “The Sovereign”, who substantiated the principles of political art is
N. Machiavelli
26. The author of the work “The Word of Law and Grace” is
Hilarion
27. The author of the philosophy of “common cause” is
N.F. Fedorov
28. The axiological function of philosophy is that it

29. The axiological function of philosophy is that philosophy
contributes to the formation of a person’s ideas about basic values
30. Axiology is the study of
values
31. Ancient philosophy includes
ancient Greek and Roman philosophy
32. Ancient philosophy includes __________ philosophy
ancient Greek and ancient Roman
33. Ancient philosophy originated in the cities of Ionia (the coast of Asia Minor) and Southern Italy, and reached its peak in
Athens
34. The ancient philosopher ____________ linked virtue with knowledge, creating the concept of ethical intellectualism
Socrates
35. Ancient philosopher who created logic
Aristotle
36. Buddhism considers man to be a being
those suffering
37. In Augustine's Confessions the question is first raised
about human free will
38. In Augustine's Confessions, the question of
human free will
39. In Plato’s statement “Under the influence of philosophy, a person’s soul is purified and a person becomes truly perfect” we are talking about the ___________ function of philosophy
humanistic
40. Depending on which sphere of existence is attributed primacy - nature or spirit, philosophers are divided into
materialists and idealists
41. In Western European philosophy, the first philosopher to place man at the center of his thoughts was
Socrates
42. In art, unlike philosophy, experience is translated into
images
43. The basis of the natural philosophy of the Renaissance is
pantheism
44. The philosophy of V. Solovyov is based on the idea
unity
45. The philosophy of J. Bruno is based on
pantheism
46. Philosophy is based on
question of being
47. The basis of the philosophical systems of the French enlighteners was
mechanistic picture of the world
48. The basis of the philosophical systems of the French enlighteners is the ____________ picture of the world
mechanistic
49. In contrast to Western individualism, the Slavophiles associated the basis of the identity of Russian civilization with
conciliarity
50. In Russian philosophy, the creator of the religious and philosophical doctrine of unity was
V. Soloviev
51. In Russian philosophy, traditionally increased attention was paid
moral values
52. In modern philosophy, the doctrine of scientific knowledge is called
epistemology
53. Included in the structure of consciousness
will and emotions
54. In Kant’s work, periods are distinguished
subcritical and critical
55. The most important feature of the philosophical worldview in the Middle Ages is
theocentrism
56. An important function of myth was
consolidation of established traditions and norms in society
57. The centuries-old dispute between medieval thinkers about “universals,” that is, general concepts, was divided into two main camps
realists and nominalists
58. The attention of Renaissance thinkers is directed primarily to
person
59. The emergence of psychoanalysis is associated with the name
Z. Freud
60. Renaissance as a movement in European culture arises in(o)
Italy
61. Will is identified with the “mysterious forces” of the cosmic fundamental principle of the world in philosophy
A. Schopenhauer
62. The question of the beginning of the world was central in Ancient philosophy at the stage
early classics
63. The question of the beginning of the world was central in ancient philosophy of the _________ period
pre-Socratic
64. The question of what truth is and what its criteria are considered in
epistemology
65. The question of the historical fate of Russia at the beginning of the 19th century was raised
P. Chaadaev
66. Questions of the philosophy of politics during the Renaissance were developed
Nicolo Machiavelli
67. Questions: does the world exist by itself or does it exist from God; what underlies the changes taking place in the world; what are the basic laws and driving forces of its development, relate to
ontologies
68. Everything that is inaccessible to the senses is also inaccessible to the mind, say supporters
sensationalism
69. An outstanding thinker and scientist of antiquity, the creator of the Lyceum, is
Aristotle
70. An outstanding representative of the patristic stage is
Augustine Aurelius
71. Hegel developed the basic laws
dialectics
72. Hermeneutics is called
the art of understanding someone else's personality as expressed in text
73. The main feature of modernity is that in order to continue its history, Man needs to learn to coordinate his global activities with the needs
nature
74. The main goal of the Reformation of the 16th century. was

75. The main goal of the Reformation of the 16th century. was
conversion of the Catholic Church
76. The main condition for the existence and development of society is
material production
77. The epistemological function of philosophy is that philosophy
accumulates, generalizes and transmits new knowledge
78. Epistemology is the philosophical doctrine of
knowledge
79. Greek thought originated in the cities of Ionia (the coast of Asia Minor) and southern Italy, and reached its peak in
Athens
80. The Greek words phileo – “love” and sophia – “wisdom” gave rise to the term
philosophy
81. Deconstruction as a research strategy is justified in
postmodernism
82. The division of society into a “chosen minority” and “the masses” is fundamental in creativity
H. Ortega y Gasseta
83. The division of philosophers into empiricists and rationalists is typical of the era
New times
84. Modern philosophy is characterized by a division into
soul and body
85. Characteristic of the Renaissance
anthropocentrism
86. Until the middle of the 19th century. There was a general belief that philosophy
queen of sciences
87. Until the middle of the 19th century, there was a general belief that philosophy
queen of sciences
88. The contractual theory of the origin of the state from the mind and experience of people, and not from theology, was developed by such thinkers of the New Age as
T. Hobbes, J. Locke, J.-J. Rousseau
89. Ancient Greek philosophy originates as
rationalistic
90. Ancient Greek philosopher who became a symbol of brutal frankness
Diogenes
91. Ancient Indian and ancient Chinese philosophy is characterized by
practical orientation
92. Dualism is a philosophical doctrine
proceeding from the recognition of equal rights, not reducible to each other, of two principles
93. Human spiritual activity associated with the desire for wisdom is realized in
philosophy
94. The soul of the world, the connecting link between God and his creation, according to Vl. Solovyov, there is
Sofia
95. If Eastern philosophy is characterized as mystical, then European philosophy is characterized as
rationalistic
96. J.-J. Rousseau saw the reason for the inequality of people in
existence of private property
97. The merit of the sophists is that they
highlighted the human problem
98. The idealization of Russian original principles is characteristic of
Slavophiles
99. Identified the ideational, idealistic and sensory stages in the development of culture
P. Sorokin
100. The ideas of freedom, the priority of individual existence over the social are characteristic of
existentialism
101. The ideas of the philosophy of the Enlightenment are clearly embodied in the world's first "Encyclopedia, or Explanatory Dictionary of Sciences, Arts and Crafts", written in (in)
France
102. The ideas of the philosophy of the Enlightenment are clearly embodied in the world’s first “Encyclopedia, or Explanatory Dictionary of Sciences, Arts and Crafts”, created by thinkers
France
103. The ideological source of existentialism, along with hermeneutics and philosophy of life, is
phenomenology
104. The idea of spontaneous and spontaneous origin of life is characteristic of
mythology
105. The idea of freedom, the priority of individual existence over the social is characteristic of
existentialism
106. A person’s intuitive abilities belong to the sphere
unconscious
107. Art is aimed at comprehension
aesthetic
108. Researches the essence and origin of morality, the meaning of moral standards in human life
ethics
109. True being, according to Plato, is
world of eidos
110. The interpretation of consciousness as a property of highly organized matter, the highest form of reflection of the world, a product of the evolution of nature, man and society is characteristic of __________ materialism
dialectical
111. Historically, the first attempt to comprehend the quantitative side of the universe is the teaching
Pythagoras
112. The source of all alienation, according to Marx, is
private ownership of the means of production
113. The law does not belong to the dialectical laws of G. Hegel
excluded third
114. Philosophy arose as an independent spiritual and cultural education
in Ancient Greece
115. Philosophy arose as an independent spiritual and cultural education
in Ancient Greece
116. As a system of views on the world and the place of man in it, philosophy acts as
worldview
117. I. Kant’s book “Critique of Practical Reason” is dedicated to
ethics
118. When philosophy teaches not to immediately take anything for granted and not to reject anything without deep and independent reflection and analysis, then its activity is associated with the _____________ function
ideological
119. The concept of "man playing" was developed
J. Huizinga
120. The concept in which man is understood as an element of nature, similar to animals and subject to the same laws of functioning as them, is called
naturalizing
121. The concept that history is made by a privileged minority is called
elite theory
122. The culture of the twentieth century is characterized as a culture
technical
123. Lao Tzu is the founder
Taoism
124. Materialistic position in Russian philosophy of the 19th - 20th centuries. present
A. Herzen, V. Belinsky, D. Pisarev
125. Materialistic position in Russian philosophy of the 19th – 20th centuries. present
A. Herzen, V. Belinsky, D. Pisarev
126. Matter has attributes of both extension and thinking, he believed
Spinoza
127. An international public organization created in 1968 to analyze the most pressing problems of our time was named
Roman Club
128. A worldview that absolutizes the freedom of human goal-setting, will and action is characterized as
voluntarism
129. Worldview that denies the rationality of the world, the possibility of its knowledge and improvement
irrationalism
130. Worldview dualism of the New Age affirms division
being and consciousness
131. Worldview, worldview, attitude in their totality form
worldview
132. Is not a monotheistic religion
Buddhism
133. The mental unification of parts into a single whole is
synthesis
134. Thinking and being are substances independent of each other, asserts
dualism
135. N. Machiavelli gave a rationale for the secular state in
treatise "Sovereign"
136. N. Machiavelli gave a rationale for a secular state in
treatise "Sovereign"
137. To the question: “Does the world have unity in its existence and what is the basis of this unity?” answers the section of philosophical knowledge
ontology
138. The direction of modern Western philosophy, which substantiates understanding as a method of cognition, is
hermeneutics
139. The direction of modern Western philosophy, which substantiates understanding as a method of cognition, is called
hermeneutics
140. Science acts as
spiritual and practical activity aimed at understanding the essence and laws of the objective world
141. Scientific and technological progress contributes to the growth of ethical nihilism, believes
antiscientism
142. The beginning of the materialistic tradition in Russian philosophy was laid
Lomonosov M.V.
143. German cardinal, whose doctrine of the coincidence of opposites contributed to the rejection of the geocentric model of the world
N. Kuzansky
144. Justification for the boundaries of the human mind in knowledge of the world was given
I. Kantom
145. The justification for the dogma of the trinity of God is Christian
ontology
146. Deals with the justification of the independence of science from philosophy
positivism
147. Social progress connects with the achievements of science
scientism
148. Common to philosophy, along with other forms of worldview, is(are)
item
149. By combining the achievements of science into a single whole, philosophy implements the ____________ function
integrating
150. The object of philosophy is
being in general
151. One of the schools of Hinduism that practices control of consciousness through breathing and exercises is called
yoga
152. One of the areas of philosophy that emerged in the 20th century is
structuralism
153. One of the first representatives of Marxism in Russian philosophy is
Plekhanov G.V.
154. One of the characteristic features of modern philosophy is
active research into language problems
155. One of the schools of ancient Chinese philosophy is
Taoism
156. Ontology in philosophy is the doctrine of
being
157. Plato’s ontology, which asserts that the idea of Good lies at the heart of being, is characterized as
objective idealism
158. Understanding the contradictions of reality, searching for ways to resolve them, is associated with the __________ function of philosophy
critical
159. The main content of the dialectical concept of development is described by three universal laws, first formulated
Hegel
160. The main stages of the historical development of European philosophy
Antiquity, Middle Ages, Modern times, Contemporary times
161. The main representatives of the classical period of Ancient philosophy were
Plato and Aristotle
162. The main representatives of the classical period of ancient philosophy were
Plato and Aristotle
163. The founders of synergetics are
G. Haken and I. Prigogine
164. The founder of philosophical anthropology of the twentieth century is considered to be
M. Scheler
165. The basis of Confucius's philosophy is(are)
problems of man, family and state
166. A feature of ancient Eastern philosophy is
reliance on mythological ideas about the world and man
167. A feature of the medieval style of thinking is
theocentrism
168. The difference between philosophy and religion is that
cognitive function for philosophy is leading
169. The first historical form of a holistic and imaginative perception of the world is
mythology
170. The first principle, the impersonal world law in ancient Chinese philosophy was called
Tao
171. The first ideas about philosophy in Rus' developed after
adoption of Christianity
172. The first Greek and at the same time the first European philosopher is
Thales
173. The first European philosopher to raise the question of the origin of the world is
Thales
174. The first materialists in the history of European philosophy are considered
Democritus, Leucippus, Epicurus
175. According to ________, matter has attributes of both extension and thinking
Spinoza
176. According to _________, the “mass man” is opposed to the “superman”
F. Nietzsche
177. According to ___________, the consciousness of a newborn is a “blank slate”, which is gradually “covered with the writings of the mind”
J. Locke
178. According to ___________, number, as the first existing thing, makes it possible to distinguish, to bring certainty to being
Pythagoras
179. According to supporters of ____, everything that is inaccessible to the senses is also inaccessible to the mind
sensationalism
180. According to the theorists of _________, a popular movement in the USA, philosophy is called upon to descend from “heaven to earth” to solve human life problems
pragmatism
181. The turn from classical philosophy to non-classical philosophy is associated with such names as
Schopenhauer, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche
182. Like philosophy, art
has a personal character
183. Cognition of an object from the point of view of its essential properties, connections and development trends gives ______ truth
relative
184. By helping a person understand his place in nature and society, philosophy performs ________ function
humanistic
185. The understanding of dialectics as the art of arguing is associated with the name
Socrates
186. Understanding nature as a field for the application of human physical and intellectual forces is characteristic of philosophy
New times
187. The concept of a passionate personality is associated with creativity
L. Gumileva
188. The emergence of a secular type of philosophizing in Russia occurs in the _______ century
XVIII
189. The subject of philosophy is(are)
universal in the “world – man” system
190. The representative of the natural science direction in “Russian cosmism” is
IN AND. Vernadsky
191. The representative of the philosophy of life is
F. Nietzsche
192. Representatives of vulgar materialism believe that consciousness
has a material nature
193. Representatives of existentialism believed that the meaning of life is primarily determined
by the man himself
194. Representatives of _________ believe that a person acquires his essence in the process of his existence
existentialism
195. Representatives of rationalism in the philosophy of the 17th century were

196. Representatives of rationalism in the philosophy of the 17th century are
R. Descartes, B. Spinoza, G. Leibniz
197. Representatives of empiricism in the philosophy of the 17th century were
F. Bacon, T. Hobbes, D. Locke
198. Applying materialist philosophy to the field of history, K. Marx and F. Engels were the creators of _________________ materialism
historical
199. Applying materialist philosophy to the field of history, Marx and Engels were the creators of ____________ materialism
historical
200. By applying materialist philosophy to the field of history, Marx and Engels were the creators of _____________ materialism
historical
201. The problem of the meaning and significance of life and death was one of the central ones in philosophy
A. Schopenhauer
202. The problem of the relationship between faith and knowledge was central to philosophy
Middle Ages
203. The problem of existence in its general form is expressed by the philosophical category
"existence"
204. Problems of knowledge, the search for a scientific method become central in European philosophy of the ______ century
XVII
205. Problems of the theory of knowledge, the search for a scientific method, become central in European philosophy
XVII century
206. Problems of language, science, logic occupy a central place in
analytical philosophy
207. Problems solved by philosophy
have a universal, ultimate character
208. The process of social life from the point of view of its main stages, goals and meanings is the subject
philosophy of history
209. The process of transformation of the biological principle into the social is called in psychoanalysis
sublimation
210. The section of philosophy that studies the nature and general prerequisites of knowledge, the relationship of knowledge to reality and the conditions of its truth is called
epistemology
211. Various studies of the future states of society are called
futurology
212. By developing new strategies for the relationship between man and nature in modern conditions, philosophy performs ______________ function
heuristic
213. By developing certain ideas about values, forming a social ideal, philosophy performs _________ function
axiological
214. The development of the problem of intentionality of consciousness is a merit
E. Husserl
215. The heyday of ancient Chinese philosophy occurred during the period
"one hundred schools"
216. The rational component of any type of worldview is called
picture of the world
217. The religious picture of the world is being developed
theologians
218. The solution to the question of the meaning of life is connected with the ___________ function of philosophy
ideological
219. The founder of irrational philosophy and philosophy of life in the 19th century is considered
A. Schopenhauer
220. The founder of liberalism in the philosophy of modern times is
J. Locke
221. The founder of German classical philosophy is
I. Kant
222. The role of philosophy in scientific knowledge is associated with
development of a methodology of cognition
223. The Russian idea, from the point of view of V. Solovyov, is an idea
national destiny determined by God
224. The earliest world religion is
Buddhism
225. A systemically rationalized worldview is called
philosophy
226. A systemically rationalized worldview, which has a national and personal character, is
philosophy
227. The word “dialectics” was first used to denote the art of arguing
Socrates
228.

The meaning of human life in domestic religious philosophy is interpreted as

life for the benefit of other people, humanity
229. The meaning of I. Kant’s categorical imperative is expressed in a judgment
“a person should not be a means for realizing anyone’s goals”
230. Modern philosophy is most closely related
with science
231. Modern philosophy is most closely associated with
science
232. Modern philosophy, which denies the rationality of the world, its natural character, is characterized as
irrationalistic
233. According to __________, individual things have true existence, and general concepts are “names” to designate them
nominalism
234. According to Parmenides, being is

235. According to Parmenides, being is
that which is motionless, unchanging and intelligible
236. According to F. Aquinas, being and essence
coincide in God
237. According to F. Aquinas, being and essence
coincide in God
238. According to legend, the first who refused to call himself a sage, but only a wise man, that is, a philosopher, was
Pythagoras
239. According to modern scientific ideas, the ancestral home of man is
Africa
240. According to Kant’s teaching, time is
a priori form of sensibility
241. The content of the ____________ function of philosophy is the formation of value orientations and ideals in a person and society
axiological
242. The creation of the “Encyclopedia, or Explanatory Dictionary of Sciences, Arts and Crafts” is associated with names
D. Diderot and D¢Alembert
243. The creation of the first philosophical system in Russia is associated with the name
V. Solovyova
244. Creating prerequisites for scientific discoveries and the growth of scientific knowledge is associated with the _____________ function of philosophy
heuristic
245. The creator of the famous “Utopia”, which describes an ideal society of the future, is
T. More
246. The creator of the first philosophical system of Antiquity is
Plato
247. The creator of the religious and philosophical doctrine of unity in Russian philosophy was
Soloviev V.S.
248. The creator of the doctrine of the “ideal state” was
Plato
249. The consciousness of a newborn is a “blank slate”, which is gradually “covered with the writings of the mind,” he believed
J. Locke
250. Medieval scholasticism is focused on teaching
Aristotle
251. Supporters of _____________ consider consciousness to be the embodiment of the world mind
objective idealism
252. The structure of the psyche, according to Sigmund Freud, consists of
Super-ego, I, It
253. Subjective reality, presented in the consciousness of individuals, is
perfect
254. Giordano Bruno’s thesis “...nature...is nothing other than God in things” expresses the position
pantheism
255. Giordano Bruno’s thesis “nature is nothing other than God in things” expresses the position
pantheism
256. The theoretical nature of the analysis of universal connections in the “man - world” system is a distinctive feature
philosophy
257. The theoretical core, the core of the spiritual culture of man and society is called
philosophy
258. Current in Western philosophy and culture, the justification of which was given in the works of J.F. Lyotara is
postmodernism
259. The traditional statement of supporters of the theory of creation about the inability of matter, substance, energy to self-development in our days is refuted by the doctrine of self-organization of systems, called
synergetics
260. The labor theory of human origins has been developed
F. Engels
261. Speculative interpretation of nature without relying on experimental natural science is called
natural philosophy
262. Speculative interpretation of nature without reliance on experimental natural science is called
natural philosophy
263. Speculative comprehension of nature is called
natural philosophy
264. Arguing that the world is a projection of a complex of human sensations, the philosopher acts from the position
subjective idealism
265. The affirmation of the freedom of human existence, which presupposes a person’s choice of his own essence, is characteristic of
existentialism
266. The affirmation of the existence of two types of being - the “world of ideas” and the “world of things” - belongs to
Plato
267. The teaching of K. Marx and F. Engels is characterized as
dialectical and historical materialism
268. The teaching of L. Feuerbach is characterized as
anthropological materialism
269. The doctrine of the plurality of substances - monads developed
Leibniz
270. The doctrine of the creation of the world by God from Nothing is called
creationism
271. The doctrine according to which the essence of man in its reality is an ensemble of social relations is
Marxism
272. The doctrine according to which the basis of our knowledge is sensory experience is called
empiricism
273. The doctrine of the forms and methods of value projection by a person of his life aspirations is
axiology
274. The philosopher, the author of the doctrine of the plurality of substances, is
G. Leibniz
275. Philosopher who believed that the basis of existence lies in matter and form
Aristotle
276. Philosopher who believed that the basis of existence is the transcendental idea of the Good
Plato
277. Philosophy is
a system of theoretical views on the world and the place of man in it
278. Philosophy is born
in the ancient world
279. Philosophy and worldview are related as follows
philosophy theoretically substantiates the main principles of the worldview, develops its general theoretical foundations
280. Philosophy as an independent spiritual formation arises during the period
VII – VI centuries BC.
281. Confucian philosophy is about problem solving
person and society
282. Philosophy differs from science in that
most philosophical statements are not empirically provable
283. Philosophy, helping an individual to find a positive and deep meaning in life, to navigate crisis situations, realizes its _________ function
humanistic
284. The philosophical concept, according to which the world has a single basis for everything that exists, is called
monism
285. The philosophical position of dualism is expressed in the recognition
thought and matter as independent substances
286. A philosophical position that presupposes a multitude of initial foundations and principles of being is called
pluralism
287. Philosophical knowledge used in science, politics, education, etc. as a guide in spiritual and practically transformative activities, acts as
methodology
288. Philosophical knowledge used in science, politics, education, etc. as a guide in spiritual and practical transformative activities, acts as
methodology
289. The philosophical direction, according to which a person is doomed to loneliness and meaninglessness of existence, is
existentialism
290. The philosophical direction that considers the spiritual principle to be the basis of being is called
idealism
291. The philosophical doctrine of values and their nature is called
axiology
292. A philosophical doctrine that asserts the equality of two principles - material and spiritual - is called
dualism
293. The formation of a modern scientific picture of the world is associated with discoveries in
quantum physics
294. The formation of a holistic picture of the world and human existence in it is associated with the ________ function of philosophy
ideological
295. By forming a worldview in accordance with the achievements of science and existing social reality, philosophy implements the __________ function
explanatory and informational
296. By forming a holistic picture of the world and human existence in it, philosophy performs________ function
ideological
297. French materialism and Hegel’s dialectics became ideological sources
Marxism
298. The function of culture in developing and transmitting values, ideals and norms is called
axiological
299. The function of philosophy to “question everything” is called
critical
300. The function of philosophy to “question everything” is called
critical
301. The function of philosophy associated with clarifying the nature of problems that require changes in the cognitive apparatus of particular sciences is called
methodological
302. A characteristic feature of the worldview of antiquity is
cosmocentrism
303. A characteristic feature of the mythological picture of the world is

304. A characteristic feature of the mythological picture of the world is(are)
transfer of the basic features of the human race to the universe
305. A characteristic feature of Russian idealistic philosophy is
anthropological
306. A characteristic feature of the philosophy of postmodernism is
replacement of objective reality with sign-symbolic pictures of the world
307. A characteristic feature of philosophical problems is their
principled openness
308. Christianity defines being as
free gift of God
309. Purposeful human activity aimed at creating material and spiritual benefits is called
labor
310. The value of knowledge as a means of strengthening faith in the Middle Ages was substantiated by
F. Aquinas
311. The central problem of I. Kant’s philosophy is

312. The central problem of I. Kant’s philosophy is
finding universal and necessary foundations of knowledge and humanistic values
313. The central concept of Hegel's philosophy
Absolute idea
314. The central concept in the philosophy of S.L. Frank had a concept
unity
315. The civilizational approach to history involves
recognition of multiple crops of equal maturity
316. E. Husserl is the creator
phenomenology
317. Empirical research is related to
inductive reasoning
318. The Renaissance became a negation of the medieval
scholastics

V.D. Sarychev

archim. Plato

hierome

St.

Rev.

priest

Foresight- 1) knowledge from the actual and conditional future; 2) a person’s knowledge of the possible or actual future through the gift of clairvoyance; 3) a person’s knowledge of a possible or actual future by suggestion; 4) probabilistic knowledge of the future, based on intuition or life experience.

Predestination- 1) Divine decision, subject to inevitable execution; 2) a decision that implies mandatory execution.

Is a person free in his actions or is everything already predetermined? This question itself has a tinge of slyness: it is enough to agree with universal predestination and then there is no need for any human effort: why do good, why strive for perfection - everything has already been decided for us. However, we are well aware that in our relationships with people we are free to create good and evil, love and hate; We are also free to live with God, not to notice or reject Him.

God resides in eternity outside of space and time, which are characteristic only of the material world He created. In eternity there is no time, there is being. God from eternity sees our world in full view. He sees our past, present and future at the same time. God sees and knows, but does not violate ours. Knowing and planning are two different things. The Lord knows all the endless options for the development of events, although a person is free to choose his only option of behavior in these events that is closer to him.

God is present and active in the spiritual and material worlds. He is present in all events, blessing or allowing them. There are many factors, cause-and-effect relationships that influence our actions; it is absurd to deny them; Christianity only denies their fatality. In the material world, God established strict physical laws, but this does not deny God’s influence on it (no meteorite will accidentally fall on Earth).
Only God is absolutely free; we have a certain freedom, greatest in the area of moral responsibility and the life of the spirit (religious life). Freedom is the greatest gift of God, hence the colossal responsibility, even to eternal torment. If nothing depended on us, then why would the Last Judgment await us?

Thus, there is no inevitability, a person is truly free within certain limits, and these limits are very wide - from an infinitely sinful life to an infinitely righteous one.

We can gain ever greater freedom through participation in God, His grace, through deification, union with God.

How does God influence the world He created?

God influences events in the world in a variety of ways; Holy Scripture gives us examples of how God carries out His providence:
- giving a person a choice of purpose and meaning in life ();
- allowing a person to express his even ungodly will (;);
— calling humanity to salvation (; );
— changing His intentions depending on the righteousness of people (, );
- performing some prayers (; ; )
- changing the physical laws established by Him, for the benefit of people faithful to Him (; ; ; );
— having become incarnate for the sake of saving people (; );
- leading the world to the goal determined by His providence (; ).

Scripture on Predestination

For those whom He foreknew He also predestined to be conformed to the image of His Son, that He might be the firstborn among many brethren. And those whom He predestined, those He also called, and those He called, them He also justified; and those whom he justified, he also glorified. ()

Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, who has blessed us in Christ with every spiritual blessing in the heavenly places, since He chose us in Him before the foundation of the world, that we should be holy and blameless before Him in love, having predestined us as sons to Himself through Jesus Christ, according to to the good pleasure of His will, to the praise of the glory of His grace, with which He has graced us in the Beloved. ()

In Him we became heirs, having been destined to do so by the determination of Him who works all things according to the counsel of His will, in order to serve for the praise of His glory to us who previously trusted in Christ. ()

4. the desire to abandon all public responsibilities

The direction of modern Western philosophy, which substantiates understanding as a method of cognition, is called...

1. structuralism

Hermeneutics

3. personalism

4. nominalism

“The will to power, the attraction of all living things to self-affirmation is the basis of life,” asserted...

F. Nietzsche

3. A. Schopenhauer

4. K. Marx

Representatives of _________ believe that a person acquires his essence in the process of his existence.

1. hermeneutics

Existentialism

3. positivism

4. neo-Thomism

The ideas of freedom, the priority of individual existence over the social are characteristic of...

Existentialism

2. positivism

3. structuralism

4. Marxism

A unit of thought that captures the general and essential properties and relationships of objects and phenomena is called...

3. experience

Concept

The “unconscious”, according to S. Freud, functions on the basis of...

1. archetypes

2. intellectual intuition

Primary drives for the purpose of obtaining pleasure

4. impulses emanating from the area of consciousness

The inherent ability of a person to purposefully and generally reproduce reality in an ideal form is designated by the concept...

1. "consciousness"

2. "introspection"

3. "feeling"

4. "psyche"

The development of the problem of intentionality of consciousness is a merit...

1. M. Heidegger

2. Z. Freud

3. J.-P. Sartre

E. Husserl

In irrationalism, the most important way of cognition is...

1. intelligence

Intuition

3. introspection

4. thinking

General, stable, repeating and necessary connections between phenomena and processes are designated by the concept...

1. "law"

2. "necessity"

3. "attitude"

4. "connection"

To the forms of sensory knowledge not applicable…

1. presentation

2. sensation

3. perception

Inference

not applicable…

Feeling

2. judgment

3. inference

4. concept

Towards the forms of rational knowledge not applicable…

1. inference

Perception

3. hypothesis

The ancient philosopher ____________ linked virtue with knowledge, creating the concept of ethical intellectualism.

Socrates

2. Parmenides

3. Aristotle

The main representatives of the classical period of ancient philosophy were...

1. Sophists and Socrates

2. Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes

Plato and Aristotle

4. Epicureans, Stoics, Skeptics

In Kant's work there are periods...

1. metaphysical and dialectical

2. idealistic and materialistic

Subcritical and critical

4. logical and practical

Having applied materialist philosophy to the field of history, K. Marx and F. Engels were the creators of _________________ materialism.

1. natural science

2. vulgar

3. metaphysical

Historical

Representatives of empiricism in the philosophy of the 17th century were...

2. D. Diderot, C. Helvetius, P. Holbach

3. B. Pascal, P. Bayle, N. Malebranche

F. Bacon, T. Hobbes, D. Locke

The creator of the famous “Utopia”, which describes an ideal society of the future, is...

1. N. Kuzansky

2. N. Machiavelli

T. More

4. P. Abelard

The Renaissance is characterized by...

1. theocentrism

Anthropocentrism

3. nature-centrism

4. cultural centrism

Issues of philosophy of politics during the Renaissance were developed...

1. Galileo Galilei

2. Leonardo da Vinci

Nicolo Machiavelli

4. Nicolaus Copernicus

The natural philosophy of the Renaissance is based on...

Pantheism

3. solipsism

N. Machiavelli gave a rationale for the secular state in...

1. treatise “The Sovereign”

2. utopia “City of the Sun”

3. dialogue “State”

4. treatise "Leviathan"

In Augustine's Confessions, the question of...

1. possibilities of building an ideal state

Free will of man

3. the relationship between being and non-being

4. knowledge of the world

The doctrine of the creation of the world by God from Nothing is called...

1. indeterminism

2. providentialism

3. Thomism

Creationism

“Everything in history and the destinies of people is predetermined by the will of God,” states...

1. fatalism

2. voluntarism

Providentialism

4. nihilism

A feature of the medieval style of thinking is...

2. anthropocentrism

Theocentrism

4. cosmism

The function of philosophy associated with clarifying the nature of problems that require changes in the cognitive apparatus of special sciences is called...

Methodological

2. critical

3. axiological

4. prognostic

The axiological function of philosophy is that philosophy...

1. develops a general theoretical model of society

2. accumulates and transmits new knowledge about the world

Sometimes small coincidences happen in our lives, for example, a song we were just humming starts playing on the radio, or we meet a person dressed the same as us. We think it's just a coincidence and forget about it. But is everything in the world really that random? World history knows such fatal coincidences, after which you involuntarily become a fatalist, that is, you begin to believe in the predetermination of fate.

We collected cases of amazing coincidences when higher powers seemed to interfere in people’s lives. Sometimes life throws up things that even the most sophisticated dreamer would hardly dream up.

Twin brothers

Nicholas II (left) and George V (right) in 1909.

The last Russian Emperor Nicholas II and his cousin, King George V of England, were incredibly similar. This is confirmed by numerous photographs. The brothers were so similar that once at a gala reception in London they were confused with each other. Nicholas was mistaken for Georg and congratulated on his future marriage (which was to be Georg), and Georg, in turn, was asked about the purpose of his visit to London.

Great Emperors

Caesar (marble sculpture from the Vatican Museum, author unknown) and a romanticized portrait of Peter I by Paul Delaroche (1838).

The Roman and Russian emperors Julius Caesar and Peter I were not similar in appearance, but many similarities can be seen in their biographies. For the first time in the history of their country, both began to be called “emperor.” Both introduced new calendars, according to which the new year began on January 1. Both made similar changes in the army: Caesar introduced a headquarters in the Roman army and the position of chief of engineers, Peter I also founded the General Staff in the Russian army and engineering troops. Caesar outlined his views on the conduct of military operations in “Notes on the Gallic War” and “Notes on the Civil War,” and Peter I wrote about this in “Rules of Battle” and “Institution for Battle.”

The savior and the killer are siblings

Edwin Booth (left) and his brother John Wilkes Booth (right).

Shortly before the assassination of American President Abraham Lincoln, his son Robert was saved from death. Robert was at a train station in New Jersey when a crowd of people knocked him down and he fell from the platform directly under the train car. But someone managed to grab Robert by the collar from behind and pull him back onto the platform. The savior turned out to be the famous actor Edwin Booth. Some time later, President Abraham Lincoln was shot... by Edwin's brother, John Booth. The fact that Edwin saved the life of Lincoln's son helped him restore his reputation, which had been damaged by his murderous brother.

Three times witness to murder

Robert Todd Lincoln.

Speaking about Robert Lincoln, one cannot fail to mention another shocking detail in his biography: he witnessed the assassination of the US President three times. Once he saw the murder with his own eyes and twice he was close to the crime scene. It is believed that Robert Lincoln himself recognized these coincidences and after the third assassination began to refuse all invitations to events where the president was, believing that there was a certain fatality in his presence.

You can't escape from war

McLean House in Appomattox (1865 photo).

The American Civil War began in 1861 in the yard of a wholesale sugar merchant named Wilmer McLean and ended... in the living room of the same merchant.

In 1861, the merchant's family lived in Manassas, Virginia. At the request of Confederate General Beauregard, the McLean house was used as the first headquarters of the Confederate army. The first battle between the armies of the North and South took place almost in McLean's yard, near Bull Run. Soon McLean and his family moved to another place called Appomattox, thinking that it would be safe there. However, on April 8, 1865, there was a knock on McLean's new house - the envoy asked to use this house to conclude a truce between the North and South. The owner reluctantly agreed. The next day, in McLean's living room, General Lee signed the Confederate surrender papers.

Tecumseh's Curse

Shawnee Chief Tecumseh and President Harrison (engraving by J.R. Chaplin).

There is a legend that the dying leader of the Shawnee Indian tribe, Tecumseh, cursed the US presidents for violating the treaty by the whites. The curse is that every president elected in a year divisible by 20 will die before the end of his term. Coincidence or not, this is what happened for 7 generations of presidents elected or re-elected in a year divisible by 20:

1st generation - William Henry Harrison, elected 1840, died 1841.

2nd generation - Abraham Lincoln, elected in 1860, re-elected in 1864, assassinated in 1865.

3rd generation - James Garfield, elected in 1880, killed in 1881.

4th generation - William McKinley, re-elected in 1900, assassinated in 1901.

5th generation - Warren Harding, elected in 1920, died in 1923.

6th generation - Franklin Roosevelt, elected in 1932, re-elected in 1936, 1940 and 1944, died in 1945.

7th generation - John Kennedy, elected in 1960, assassinated in 1963.

According to legend, Tecumseh's curse lasts until the 7th generation. This legend explains that Ronald Reagan (8th generation), elected in 1980, survived an assassination attempt in 1981 and safely left office in 1989. George W. Bush Jr. (9th generation), elected in 2000, also escaped the curse. Having been re-elected in 2004, Bush a year later survived an assassination attempt (a grenade was thrown at him), which was unsuccessful.

The Curse of the 9th Symphony

Portrait of Beethoven by Karl Stieler (1820). Beethoven wrote 9 symphonies and died while working on the 10th.

There is another legend that prophesies the imminent death of every composer who writes the 9th symphony. It all started with Beethoven. Then many other famous composers also could not step over the number 9 in the list of their symphonies, including Schubert, Dvorak, Schnittke, Glazunov. Not all of them died after the 9th symphony: some simply finished it and did not write any more symphonies at all, and some were never able to finish the 9th and began the 10th. Those who believe in the curse say that it also influenced the famous Soviet composer Dmitri Shostakovich. In total, he wrote 15 symphonies, but for some reason Stalin really didn’t like the 9th, which led to major troubles in the composer’s career.

Fatal movies

Eruption of Mount St. Helens (1980).

The British newspaper Daily Mail wrote in 1975 about such an amazing case: members of one ordinary family named Melkis were watching the film “Titanic” on TV. At the moment when the ship collided with the iceberg in the film, the Melkis house began to burst at the seams. Frightened people ran out of the house and saw that a real ice meteorite had broken through their roof.

This is not the only case where the events from the film were translated into reality in a similar way. American producer Irwin Allen was known for his passion for disaster films. Three times during his career, during the release year of films that Allen produced, plot disasters actually happened.

1) 1972 - the film “The Adventures of Poseidon” about the shipwreck of the liner “Poseidon”. In the same year, the famous once largest liner in Europe, the Queen Elizabeth, sank.

2) 1974 - the film “Hell in the Sky”, in which the heroes escape from a burning skyscraper. In the same year, there was a major fire in one of the skyscrapers in Sao Paulo (Brazil).

3) 1980 - the film “When Time Ran Out,” in which the plot involves a volcanic eruption. When the film was released, there actually was a major eruption of Mount St. Helens in the northwestern United States.

Books from the future

Illustration for Jules Verne’s novel “From the Earth to the Moon by a Direct Path in 97 Hours 20 Minutes” (1872 edition).

Many surprising coincidences with real life are found in literature. Sometimes it seems that some writers could have foreseen the future.

Thus, the writer Jonathan Swift in Gulliver's Travels (1726) mentions 2 satellites of Mars. Scientific confirmation that Mars has 2 satellites appeared only in 1877, that is, 151 years later. The famous science fiction writer Herbert Wells in his works quite accurately described devices very similar to modern telephones, electric stoves and central heating. Wells also predicted the appearance of the atomic bomb. But the record holder for dreams come true is Jules Verne. Most of the writer’s ideas from the 19th century have come true in our time: helicopter, airplane, space flights, television, telephone and video communications, the subway, computer and much more.

The luckiest woman in the world

Modest pensioner Joan Ginther from the small town of Bishop (Texas) won huge sums in lotteries as many as 4 times!

Her winnings over several years were: $5.4 million; $2 million; $3 million; $10 million jackpot.

True, not everyone believes that this is a simple coincidence. Journalists learned that Joan is a former professor of mathematics, a candidate of science from Stanford University, specializing in statistics. Since Ginther bought 3 out of 4 lottery tickets in the same store, some believe that she was able to calculate some kind of algorithm for distributing winning tickets.

Lightning Rod Man

A man named Roy Sullivan also had a unique feature, but not nearly as nice as in the previous story. Roy received the nickname “lightning rod man” and was included in the Guinness Book of Records because lightning struck him 7 (!) times. What is even more amazing is that after each blow, Roy, although injured, remained alive. It is worth noting that Roy worked as a park ranger, that is, he was constantly in open areas and lived in a thunderstorm zone. Still, 7 hits is too much.

Roy was forced to carry a container of water with him at all times because lightning often caused his hair or clothes to catch fire. He also complained about loneliness, because people were afraid of being struck by lightning when they were near him, and for good reason - once Roy’s wife suffered from another strike.

Same flags

The civil flag of Haiti (top) and the flag of Liechtenstein since 1937 (bottom).

At the 1936 Olympic Games, athletes from the Principality of Liechtenstein were shocked: their flag completely coincided with the flag of the state of Haiti. Apparently, until this moment, both countries had no idea that their flags were the same. To differentiate themselves, the Liechtensteiners added a gold crown to their flag the following year, 1937.

“Everything in history and the destinies of people is predetermined by the will of God,” states/providentialism/

“The soul must suppress in itself the vain thirst for knowledge, leading to the thought of the existence of only the bodily,” wrote the preachers of ______ knowledge / religious-Christian /

“The state of nature,” according to T. Hobbes, is / a war of all against all /

“To live means to enjoy,” believe supporters of / hedonism /

“Extreme degree of ugliness, extremely negative value” / Low /

“Matter did not always exist, and there was a moment when it did not exist at all,” claim /Creationists/

“If you don’t want to, don’t believe, but don’t blaspheme” - that’s the principle. /Toleration/

“There can be no objective truth” - this is the position of / agnosticism /

“The main geological force creating the noosphere is the growth of scientific knowledge,” wrote / V. I. Vernadsky /

“Father of modern hermeneutics”, founder of the general theory of understanding - / F. Schleiermacher /

“Religion exists insofar as God exists and his creation, man, who feels the presence of the Creator,” declare /Theists/

“The meaning of an individual’s life is not to save the soul and serve God, but to serve society,” argued / Plato, Hegel, Marxists /

The "Four Noble Truths" are the basis of /Buddhism/

IX - XIV centuries in medieval European philosophy are called the stage /Scholasticism/

Activity, selectivity are properties /Consciousness/

Dream analysis, as a way of penetrating a person’s unconscious, substantiated /3. Freud/

Analytical philosophy includes /Positivism/

Ancient philosophy includes _______ philosophy / ancient Greek and ancient Roman /

The basic mental structures common to all humanity were called by C. Jung /Archetypes/

Biological needs and instincts of a person underlie the basis of human life from the point of view of /Freudians/

Thanks to cybernetics and the creation of computers, the method of / modeling /

Rebellion as an affirmation of the freedom of a person who chooses his own essence, justified... /A. Camus/

In ancient philosophy, the movement of _______ arose, it expressed doubt about the reliability of knowledge /Skepticism/

In antiquity, the concept of “techne” included tools, technical knowledge, and /Art/

Hinduism is distinguished by its tolerance and compliance with other faiths.

Depending on which sphere of existence is attributed primacy - nature or spirit, all philosophers are divided into /Materialists and Idealists/

In classical science it was believed that only laws /Dynamic/ can be true laws.

There is nothing supernatural or opposed to matter as a substance in the world, say /materialists/

Confucian ethics is based on principle. /Humanity/

The basis of the natural philosophy of the Renaissance is /pantheism/

The philosophy of V. Solovyov is based on the idea /Unity/

The philosophy of J. Bruno is based on /Pantheism/

The basis of the philosophical picture of the world lies /The question of the relationship of thinking to being/

Unlike Ancient Greece, the formation of philosophy in the East took place under conditions of / despotism /

In the understanding of space and time there are concepts /Substantial and relational/

In contrast to Western individualism, the Slavophiles associated the basis of the identity of Russian civilization with /Sobornost/

Within the framework of an integral system of scientific knowledge, philosophy as the doctrine of the first principles of being is called /Metaphysics/

All knowledge is experiential, say supporters of /empiricism/

All philosophical schools recognize that the goal of knowledge is /truth/

There is more freedom in __________ than at school, but you have to learn how to use freedom/ at university/

In modern philosophy, the doctrine of scientific knowledge is called /Epistemology/

In the structure of the socio-economic formation, K. Marx singled out. /Base and superstructure/

The entire set of information about the external and internal world of a person, which is available to society or an individual, is / knowledge /

In formation theory, the most important driving force of history is declared /Class struggle/

The focus of the research of foreign futurologists is the prospects /Technological revolution/

The most important thing for medieval philosophy was the theme. /Faith and knowledge/

The most important among global problems is: /The problem of war and peace/

The most important feature of the philosophical worldview in the Middle Ages is... / theocentrism /

The most important thing in the creative process is: /Promotion of ideas/

The most important role in the formation of society was played by the commandment /Thou shalt not kill!/

Vedic literature, along with the Upanishads and Aranyakas, includes: /Brahmanas/

The leading role of consciousness in human life is denied /Freudism/

The age-old debate of medieval thinkers about “universals”, i.e. general concepts, divided them into two main camps: /realists and nominalists/

The century of philosophy in the history of European culture is called the era of /Enlightenment/

The greatest merit of German classical philosophy is associated with the development of: /Dialectics/

It is distinguished by tolerance and compliance with other beliefs /Buddhism/

The pinnacle of European rationalist philosophy is. /German idealism/

A person’s view of something is /Opinion/

A type of spiritual production in the field of aesthetic exploration of the world is /Art/

In Augustine's Confessions, the question of / human free will / is raised for the first time.

An influential trend in modern philosophy associated with the name of E. Husserl is /Phenomenology/

In any upward process of development of an object - in addition to the progress that prevails in it - there is always such an accompanying side as / regression /

In neopositivism, truth is understood as / the consistency of the proposals of science with sensory experience /

The attention of Renaissance thinkers was directed primarily to /Man/

The possibility of a “nuclear winter” as a result of a military conflict using modern weapons was justified: /N. Moiseev/

The emergence of ancient philosophy was associated with the formulation of the problem / the origin of being /

The emergence of psychoanalysis is associated with the name.. /3. Freud/

The emergence of skepticism is associated with philosophical quests / Pyrrho /

The emergence of modern non-classical irrationalist philosophy is associated with names. /A. Schopenhauer and F. Nietzsche /

The undulating nature of the development of technology and its influence on society was justified. /ABOUT. Toffler/

The embodiment of the aesthetic ideal is called /Beautiful/

The question of the beginning of the world was central in ancient philosophy at the stage of / early classics /

The question of the beginning of the world was central in the philosophy of the _______ period / pre-Socratic /

The question of what truth is and what its criteria are is considered in /Epistemology/

The question of the meaning of life is largely generated by thinking about whether it is worth living if every person ... / is mortal /

F. Engels called the question of the relationship of thinking to being, spirit to nature the main question /Philosophy/

Issues of philosophy of politics during the Renaissance were developed /N. Machiavelli/

Unlike science, philosophy / comprehends the world in its universal integrity /

For the first time the term “value” in its proper philosophical sense was used by I. Kant/

In its interpretation of the essence of man, existentialism proceeds from the fact that / 2) a person is responsible not only for himself, but also for other people / 3) the existence of a person precedes the essence /

The article by F. Engels “The role of labor in the process of transformation of a monkey into man” sets out the so-called _________ theory of the origin of man, consciousness, language / labor /

The structure of modern productive forces of society does not include(s) /relations of distribution of production products/

The entire set of information about the external and internal world of a person that a society or an individual has at its disposal is /Knowledge/

Any process of change and transition from one state to another is /Movement/

The second half of the 20th century is the time of the unfolding of the _______ revolution / biotechnological /

In the philosophy of the Renaissance, a person is understood, first of all, as / 3) an artist 5) a creator /

The focus of the research of foreign futurologists is the prospects /of the social revolution/

Choose the correct relationship between the concepts of “philosophy” and “science” /Philosophy is the methodology of science/

An outstanding personality is a person who /influenced the course of history/

Outstanding thinker and scientist of Antiquity, creator of the Lyceum /Aristotle/

The development of hypotheses that overcome the limitations of theory is due to the emergence of /Problem situations/ in science

The development of new hypotheses in science is associated with /The emergence of problematic situations/

The development of new hypotheses in science is associated with /The need for a new vision of the problem/

The identification of “base” and “superstructure” as the main elements of society was proposed by: /K. Mars/

The saying “Plato is my friend, but truth is dearer” belongs to /Aristotle/

The highest degree of valuable, significant for a person /Happiness/

The highest good, as a complete, self-sufficient state of life is called /Happiness/

In the economic sphere, globalization processes are expressed in (in) / the economy going beyond national boundaries /

In the era of ________, a model of a developed personality is formed, who knows a lot and is able to

The idea of social progress was explicitly formulated in /the philosophy of the Enlightenment/

The guarantor of the comprehensibility of the world and the objectivity of human knowledge in the philosophy of R. Descartes is / God /

The main feature of modernity is that in order to continue its history, Man needs to learn to coordinate his global activities with the needs of /Nature/

The main goal of scientific activity is the production of / knowledge /

The main goal of the Reformation of the 16th century was / the transformation of the Catholic Church /

The main cognitive ability of a person and his judge is reason - stated representatives of rationalism of the 17th century / R. Descartes, B. Spinoza, G. Leibniz /

I. A. Ilyin considered the main problem facing the individual to be the problem of / fighting evil /

The main feature of consciousness from the point of view of phenomenology is /Intentionality/

Global problems manifested themselves most clearly in (the) / second half of the 20th century /

Epistemology is a philosophical doctrine of /Cognition/

The state and political parties are institutions of society /Civil/

Greek thought originated in the cities of Ionni (the coast of Asia Minor) and Southern Italy, and reached its peak in /Athens/

The Greek words phileo - love and sopliia - wisdom gave rise to the term /Philosophy/

Humanities and natural scientists recognize the existence of a special doctrine of understanding called /hermeneutics/

The division of methods of scientific knowledge into empirical and theoretical lies at the basis of the opposition. /Induction and deduction/

The division of society into a “selected minority” and “the masses” is fundamental in the work of X. Ortega y Gasseta/

Democratization presupposes /Formation of civil society and the rule of law/

A detailed development of the society of the future in the Renaissance is associated with the names / T. Mora and T. Campanella /

The activities of the scientific community in accordance with a certain paradigm are called /Normal science/

Dialectics as a doctrine of the development of the Absolute Idea is associated with the name /G. Hegel/

The dialectical law of negation expresses /Direction of development/

The contractual theory of the origin of the state from the mind and experience of people, and not from theology, was developed by such thinkers of the New Age as / T. Hobbes, J. Locke, J.-J. Rousseau/

Evidence-based, verifiable and systematized information about various phenomena of existence constitutes the field of _____ knowledge /Scientific/

Until the middle of the 19th century, there was a general belief that philosophy / the queen of sciences /

Ancient Greek philosophy originates as: /rationalistic/

The oldest principle - “Do not do to others what you do not wish for yourself” - is called the golden rule / Morals /

Ancient Chinese philosophy originates as: /Altruistic/

A unit of thought that captures the general and essential properties and relationships of objects and phenomena is called / concept /

The only forms of motion of matter that can exist “by themselves, in the complete absence of others” are /mechanical/

The unity of the properties and relationships of an object from the point of view of its internal content is expressed in the concept /Essence/

If Eastern philosophy is characterized as mystical, then European philosophy is characterized as /rationalistic/

If everything is clearly necessary, if there are no accidents, if a person acts like an automaton, then there is no room left for... /Freedom/

If scientific creativity is characterized by discoveries, then technical creativity is characterized by /Inventions/

If freedom is understood according to the principle “wherever I want, I’ll turn there,” then such a position may turn out to be in unacceptable contradiction, for example, with the norms /Morality/

The natural scientific justification for the unity of matter, motion, space and time is given /The Theory of Relativity/

There are people inclined to believe, and there are people inclined / to know /

The dependence of the perception of the duration and extent of events and systems on the state of the subject gives grounds to distinguish between _________ space and time / “psychological” /

(maybe “biological”, the question should be formulated more correctly) /

The laws of movement and development of nature and society constitute the essence of objective dialectics, the laws of movement and development of thinking, knowledge _____ dialectics /Subjective/

The laws do not provide unambiguous predictions of the “behavior” of individual objects, however, they turn out to be the only possible ones when describing mass phenomena of a random nature / Statistical /

Laws that describe large collections of objects and are of a probabilistic and ambiguous nature in relation to the state of each of them are usually called /statistical/ in science.

The Earth and the Sun are ordinary celestial bodies in an endless, animate, active Universe filled with intelligent life, asserted the titan of the Renaissance / G. Bruno /

Knowledge taken in its entirety, which cannot be refuted in the process of cognition, is - /Absolute truth/

Knowledge that is not currently confirmed by practice or is not sufficiently substantiated logically is called / hypothetical /

Knowledge based on common sense and everyday experience of people is called /Ordinary/

Knowledge of a subject within historically determined limits is /Relative truth/

Knowledge combined with faith in it is /Belief/

Knowledge, which is a prerequisite for the emergence of science, is characterized as... /Pre-scientific/

Knowledge about nature and reality obtained in everyday life refers to knowledge /Ordinary-practical/

A person’s knowledge of himself is a vast area of so-called / self-awareness /

The importance of reason as a principle of social life was substantiated in the philosophy of /Enlightenment/

AND

Ideas and concepts that speak on behalf of science, imitate its features, but do not meet scientific standards belong to /Paranscience/

Ideas and concepts not recognized as scientific by individual scientists belong to /Paranscience/

The ideas of the philosophy of the Enlightenment are clearly embodied in the world's first "Encyclopedia, or Explanatory Dictionary of Sciences, Arts and Crafts", created by thinkers /France/

An ideological movement that arose in emigration, associated with understanding the uniqueness of Russian civilization: /Eurasianism/

The ideological movement that appeared during the Renaissance is called /Humanism/

The ideological source of existentialism, along with hermeneutics and philosophy of life, is /Phenomenology/

The idea of law as a condition for the formation of civil society was given to the world /Ancient Romans/

The idea of the “end of history” was put forward by F. Fukuyama/

The idea of a linear orientation of social life arose in the /Middle Ages/

The idea of the development of being is established in /XIX century/

The idea of development was established in philosophy in / the end of the 18th - mid-19th centuries /

The idea of the Superman as the goal of human evolution was put forward by /T.de Chardin/

The idea of freedom, the priority of individual existence over the social are characteristic of /Existentialism/

The idea that space is an emptiness that contains all bodies and is independent of them was first expressed by thinkers /Antiquity/

The famous expression “Beauty will save the world” belongs to /F.M. Dostoevsky/

The famous German philosopher _______ "a formless material that needs a carver." /Nietzsche F./

Changes in the system towards increasing the level of its orderliness, organization, complexity are characterized as / progress /

Of the following characteristics, medieval philosophy was characterized by / 2) recognition of faith as a way of comprehending truth / 4) religious dogmatism /

The individual spiritual principle in Indian philosophy is called /Atman/

The intellectual component of any type of worldview, that is, worldview, is called /Picture of the World/

Human intuitive abilities belong to the sphere of the /Unconscious/

Information disseminated by astrology, parapsychology, ufology refers to the so-called knowledge. /Parascientific/

Irrationalists argue that neither experience nor reason is enough to know reality; This requires a special form of cognition - /Intuition/

Art in all kinds of production in Antiquity was designated by the concept / “technique”/

The use of methods is a characteristic feature of /Science/

The study of the phenomenon of technology as a whole is the task of /Philosophy of Technology/

The study of society as a special type of activity is engaged in /Social philosophy/

Deals with the study of the essence and origin of morality, the meaning of moral standards in human life /Ethics/

The study of the sphere of beauty and art is carried out by such a philosophical discipline as /aesthetics/

The history of society as the existence of local cultures passing into civilization is presented in the works of: /O. Spengpera/

The source of the content of consciousness for materialists is / the objective world /

The initial form of rational knowledge is: /Concept/

Both empirical and theoretical levels of scientific knowledge are possible only as a unity of rational and / sensual /

Each relative truth / contains a share of the absolute /

As an ideal of harmony and perfection, nature is understood by philosophers / of antiquity /

How the art of interpretation hermeneutics originated /In the Middle Ages/

As rational knowledge about reality, revealing its essence, philosophy acts as /Science/

Philosophy arose as an independent spiritual and cultural education /In Ancient Greece/

As a system of views on the world and the place of man in it, philosophy acts as a /Worldview/

Karma is /The principle of retribution/

Ancient Indian philosophy includes philosophical schools /4)Vedanta/5)Lokayata/

The classical definition of truth as a judgment corresponding to reality was first given by /Aristotle/

When philosophy teaches not to immediately accept or reject anything without deep and independent reflection and analysis, then its activity is connected with the /Critical/ function

The collective and individual carrier of cognitive activity is called ______ of cognition/subject/

Who owns the saying “Every nation deserves its own leader”? /G. Hegel/

The specific historical type of society, distinguished by the method of material production, is called the term /Formation/

A specific type of society, located at a certain stage of historical progressive development, the basis of which is the method of material production, is called / formation /

The concept of scientific revolutions as a change of paradigms or research programs was developed by T. Kuhn and I. Lakatos.

The concept of “open society” was justified in the works /K. Popper/

The concept of a “playing person” was developed by I. Huizinga/

The concept according to which at all times, among all peoples, history is made by creative individuals or creative minorities, is called the theory /Elite/

The concept according to which truth is understood as the correspondence of knowledge to reality is called /Correspondence/

Radical changes in the nature and scale of human impact on nature are called _________ revolution / scientific /

Production relations do not include relations / distribution of production products /

The category of global problems includes / depletion of natural resources /

“The extreme degree of ugliness, an extremely negative value” is / base /

The shortest path to a global world order lies through the comprehensive hegemony of the United States, argues /3. Brzezinski/

Creativity of consciousness is expressed in / the ability to create something new /

Religious directions of modern foreign philosophical thought include /Neo-Thomism and personalism/

The critical attitude of philosophy towards the church and religion is a distinctive feature of the era /Enlightenment/

Culture of the 20th century characterized as culture /Postmodernist/

The culture of individual groups, distinguished by peculiarities of speech, behavior and style of clothing, is called /Subculture/

Culture becomes the subject of philosophical study in /German classical philosophy/

Among the people who guessed at the turn of the 20th century. general trends in the development of nature and society should be attributed /V. Vernadsky/

Representatives of anarchism included / 3)P. A. Kropotkin/ 5)M. A. Bakunin/

Representatives of ancient atomism include / 3) Epicurus / 4) Democritus /

The traditional anthropological questions of medieval philosophy include the problem of /1) salvation 3) the relationship between soul and body/

History turns into a mechanical reproduction of the divine will ... will god, All ...

Having passed through boundless spaces with his thought and spirit, Titus Lucretius Carus. “On the Nature of Things”, 11, 1114 gp/1oge! a!ta ta!eg Moscow 2004 Publishing center

Document

... stories providentialism asserts that divine plan predetermines history people, he breaks through All... and cosmism, unite fate person and fate universal existence. Man... nah, God acts through will and reason of people. ...

Textbook for university applicants Moscow. 2006 udk 373. 167. 1: 3 bbk 60 C48

Document

... claimed potential... of people, bringing together All will parties to the agreement into a single will... feeling of common fate, stories, connections... probably predetermined karma, but... God out of nothing) providentialism (God ... stories as a rational process guided by will God ...

Course of lectures in the discipline “History” Considered at the subject meeting I approve

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... - God All Lenna,... will, by will Russians of people, ... lands predetermined fate Tver principality... regions. Providentialism in interpretation... of people. Living personality claimed Mikhailovsky, “sets goals in stories” and “moves events towards them” through All ...