History presentation on the topic “The Religion of Rome. The emergence of Christianity" free download
Slide text: Ancient Greece Ancient Egypt Mesopotamia In most countries of the ancient world there was a pagan religion. What beliefs did these ancient peoples of the world have? What unites these religions?
Slide text: Goddess of love and beauty Ancient Greek gods Ancient Roman gods God of sky, thunder and lightning God is the patron of the arts The Romans borrowed many religious beliefs in gods from Greek mythology. Prove it. Apollo Jupiter Venus Zeus Aphrodite Apollo
Slide text: In Rome there were gods that were worshiped by all residents, and family deities that were prayed to at home, at the family altar. Vesta, the goddess of sacred fire, who also guarded the family hearth, was especially revered. The household deities were Lares, Geniuses and Penates. Vesta Ancient Roman statue Lara figurine Home lararium, where images of family deities were kept. The genius of the family is depicted in the center, and the Lares are depicted at the edges.
Slide text: The Romans also believed in gods that existed among different peoples in the provinces. They brought religion under state control. The positions of pontiffs were introduced - priests who monitored the correct performance of religious rites. All other priests were subordinate to the Supreme Pontiff. Statue of Augustus in the attire of the Great Pontiff with a toga draped over his head Rome Emperors began to occupy this position after Gaius Julius Caesar. Which of them do you know?
Slide text: The Pantheon is a temple dedicated to all the gods. Rome. II century n. e. But the diversity of pagan beliefs did not allow all the peoples of the empire to unite on the basis of a single religion. Rome was destined to become the center of a new religion in which people worshiped one god. This religion came from the East.
Slide text: Ancient Judea II millennium BC. e. Remember which people already believed in one god? When did such faith appear among the Jews? Which holy book contains the divine commandments of the Jewish people? Moses
Slide text: Prove that the commandments of the Jewish people called for the moral improvement of man.
Slide text: In the 1st century AD. e. Judea was a Roman province. A new religion is born here - Christianity.
Slide text: Jesus of Nazareth became the preacher of the new religion. Bethlehem is the place where, according to the Gospel tradition, Jesus Christ was born. Nativity of Jesus Christ Engraving by G. Dore. 1856
Slide text: The life of Jesus Christ is described in the Gospel, which is translated from Greek as “good news.” Jesus Christ Maikov N., XIX century.
Slide text: 2. The Gospel is a holy book about the life of Jesus Christ
Slide text: Birth of Jesus Christ Adoration of the shepherds Murillo B. E. (Spanish artist), 17th century.
Slide text: Flight to Egypt Murillo B. E. (Spanish artist), 17th century. Flight to Egypt
Slide text: Christ in the wilderness Kramskoy I.N., 1872 Jesus Christ grew up. His destiny was revealed - to be a preacher of goodness, love for people. According to the Gospel tradition, Jesus was endowed with a special gift that allowed him to perform miracles.
Slide text: The Acts of Jesus Christ The Resurrection of Jairus' Daughter Polenov V.D., 1871 The Resurrection of Jairus's Daughter
Slide text: Acts of Jesus Christ Miraculous multiplication of loaves Nesterenko V., 2001 Multiplication of loaves
Slide text: The fame of Jesus Christ as a man who helped poor people, eased their suffering, spread among the people. Jesus and his twelve disciples (apostles) in different cities addressed the people, urging them to take care of their souls by doing good deeds. The most famous to people was his Sermon on the Mount. Sermon on the Mount Engraving by G. Dore. 1856
Slide text: Sermon on the Mount According to the Gospel, in the Sermon on the Mount, Jesus Christ said: Give to those who ask you, and do not turn away from those who want to borrow from you. Ask, and it shall be given you; seek and you will find; knock and it will be opened to you. Judge not lest ye be judged. ...As you want people to do to you, do so to them.
Slide text: Judge not, lest ye be judged. Ask, and it shall be given you; seek and you will find. And so in everything, as you want people to do to you, so do you to them. Give to the one who asks from you, and do not turn away from the one who wants to borrow from you. Sermon of Jesus Christ Lebedev K.V., XIX century How do you understand the words of the Sermon on the Mount of Jesus Christ? Why did the teachings of Jesus Christ resonate in the souls of people, and did he gain many followers?
Slide text: “Jesus lived at that time... He did extraordinary things and was a teacher of people who joyfully accepted the truth. Many Jews followed him. He was the Christ (Savior).” Josephus Flavius Events in Ancient Judea were reflected in the books of historians. Josephus, an ancient historian, wrote: Why does Josephus consider Jesus to be a teacher?
Slide text: Last Supper Fresco. Leonardo da Vinci. 1495–1497 The teachings of Jesus Christ had supporters and opponents who wanted the preacher to die. Christ was betrayed by one of his disciples, Judas. Jesus was captured in Jerusalem by Roman guards and sentenced to death.
Slide text: Calvary Munkacsi M. (Hungarian artist), 1884 Death of Jesus Christ
Slide text: 3. The first Christians in Rome
Slide text: The Resurrection of Jesus Christ According to the Gospel, Jesus Christ rose from the dead and ascended to heaven. Christ the Risen Bryullov K.P., 1840 Apostles Peter and Paul El Greco, 1614 But the teachings of Christ continued to be brought to people by his disciples, and it spread throughout the world.
Slide text: The first Christians in Rome Christian martyrs in the Colosseum Flavitsky K., 1862 Christians are people who accepted the teachings of Jesus Christ. The poor people of Rome were the first to believe in the teachings of Christ. Later, people from noble families also appeared among Christians.
Slide text: The first Christians in Rome The last prayer of the Christian martyrs Jerome J.-L., 1883 The first Christians in Rome were persecuted. Why do you think the Roman authorities persecuted Christians?
Slide text: Catacombs of the first Christians The first Christians did not have religious buildings. They often gathered in quarries (catacombs), where they created underground temples and cemeteries.
Slide text: 4. Spread of Christianity
Slide text: Constantine the Great Ancient Roman sculpture Gradually, the ideas of Christ took possession of the minds and hearts of a significant part of the Romans. Statesmen in power began to accept the Christian faith. Emperor Constantine adopted Christianity as the official religion. Christians appeared in the Roman provinces. Why do you think Christianity spread? 313 - Constantine's decree on religious tolerance towards Christians
Slide text: The first symbols of Christianity with the letters I.H. - Jesus Christ Christianity is the belief in one God. The Christian faith is based on the teachings of Jesus Christ. The main idea in this teaching is the moral improvement of man. Why did Christianity spread? What is the main difference between the Christian religion and paganism? Fish is one of the most common symbols in ancient times that personified Christ.
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Slide captions:
Culture of Ancient Rome
Marriage in Ancient Rome was considered a sacred sacrament and the support of the state. Most marriages in wealthy families of Ancient Rome were of convenience: to continue the family line, to unite possessions, and also to strengthen political alliances. Among the poor population, calculation often also prevailed, but love marriages were not excluded. Men strictly monitored the morals and behavior of their wives. Partnership between spouses in the modern sense was not required, it was not only unnecessary, but also impossible: in Ancient Rome it was believed that the wife had to devote her life to supporting her husband and caring for him. Marriage
One of the important reasons for marriage was the conclusion of political alliances. For a man, marriage served to strengthen wealth and confirm high civil status. In addition, while the marriage lasted, the husband could control the monetary component of the dowry and expect his wife's family to finance his career. No less important was the birth of legal heirs, who thereby maintained their position in society from generation to generation.
Girls could be married off upon reaching adulthood, that is, at the age of 12, boys at 14. The spouses were not supposed to be related. Marriages in which the husband and wife were relatives up to the 4th generation were considered incest and punishable by death (later exile). To enter into a marriage, the consent of the father of the family was mandatory. Only free Roman citizens had the right to start a family. The girl's father had to pay the dowry within 3 years after the wedding. In the event of the daughter's death, it was returned to the father.
The wedding date was chosen taking into account religious traditions and holidays, beliefs in happy and unlucky days. The second half of June was considered favorable. A prenuptial agreement was not mandatory for marriage, but such an agreement was often drawn up as it regulated issues related to dowry and the formalities of its payment in the event of divorce.
The Roman religion did not have a single church and dogma, but consisted of cults of various deities. Religious rituals related to family life or household and private affairs were performed by the father of the family himself. In the village, he could be replaced by an estate manager with special powers. Official state ceremonies were performed indirectly by certain bearers of supreme power - first by the king through the so-called priestly kings, then by consuls and praetors, and at critical moments - by the dictator. At the same time, the emperor, who combined the function of the Great Pontiff, usually did not express his initiatives. Religion Temple of Portuna. Temple of Vesta.
The institution of priests was introduced according to tradition by Numa Pompilius. At the same time, the Roman priestly colleges were not a closed caste - access to them was open through social activities. So, for example, Cicero and Pliny the Younger achieved the rank of augur, and for example, Caesar and Nero were flamines in their early careers. An important role was played by the college of fetials, which was in charge of the sacred ritual of declaring war and partially supervised Roman diplomacy. The College of Vestal Virgins also played an important role. Altar of the 12 Gods of Rome Jupiter Juno Vulcan Ceres
The Roman pantheon has many analogues of the Greek gods and goddesses, and has its own deities and lower spirits. Particularly revered gods were called “fathers.” Divine law was not mixed with human law. Lower deities apparently existed among the Romans already in an early era. The Greek books “Indigitaments” list the deities of sowing, seed germination, flowering and ripening, harvesting ears, marriage, conception, development of the embryo, birth of a child, his first cry, going for a walk, returning home, etc., in connection with which Initially, for some, gender was not fixed. Apollo Venus Mercury Mars Minerva
From the mass of numinas, the triad of the Roman pantheon stood out - Jupiter, Mars and Quirinus, reflecting the threefold civil functions - respectively religious-priestly, military and economic. From the calendar of holidays attributed to Numa Pompilius and the list of flamines appointed by him, from the references to ancient sanctuaries, it is known about the existence of cults, etc. Around the same time, the colleges of Luperci and Salii were doubled. Class cults appeared (Neptune and Dioscuri among the patricians, Ceres and Liber among the plebeians) and individual family cults (among the Cornelii, Emilians, Claudii and possibly others), grouped around Vesta, Lares and Penates. There were also cults of rural communities. Pantheon Neptune Statue of Jupiter
Roman theater, like Roman drama, is modeled on the Greek Theater, although in some respects it differs from it. The seats for spectators in the Roman Theaters occupy a small semicircle, ending towards the stage along a line parallel to this latter. The stage is twice as long as in Greek, stairs lead from the orchestra to the stage, which was not the case in Greek. The depth of the orchestra is less with the same width; the entrances to the orchestra are narrower; the stage is closer to the center of the audience space. All these differences can be observed in the ruins of many Roman theaters, of which the best preserved are in Aspenia, in Pamphylia, and in Orange (Aransio), in France. Theater
Theater in Ostia Stage performances adorned various annual holidays and were also given on the occasion of important state events, during triumphs, on the occasion of the consecration of public buildings, etc. In addition to tragedies and comedies, atellans (short farcical performances in the spirit of buffoonery), mimes were given , pantomimes, pyrrhic. It is not known exactly whether there were competitions of poets in Rome. In Greece, poets stood high in public opinion, the highest government positions were open to them; in Rome, plays were performed by lower-class people, even slaves. According to this, the craft of an actor was also low valued, lower than the title of equestrian and gladiator; the title of actor imposed a stamp of dishonor.
The actors were usually slaves and freedmen. In general, the theater in Rome did not have that high, serious, educational, as if sacred character with which it had long been distinguished in Greece. Stage games borrowed from Greece little by little gave way to performances that have nothing in common with either tragedy or comedy: mime, pantomime, ballet. The state treated this kind of entertainment without sympathy. dance pantomime with acrobatics and clowning
Reconstruction of the Theater of Pompey Visiting the Theater was free, equally free for men and women, but not for slaves. In order to win over the audience or surprise them with luxury and splendor, the organizers of the games in later times extended their concerns for the public to the point of strewing the theater with flowers, sprinkling it with fragrant liquids, and decorating it richly with gold. Nero ordered a purple cover, studded with gold stars, with the image of the emperor on a chariot, to be stretched over the audience.
Technological lesson map
"Religion of the Ancient Romans"
Class:5
The purpose of the lesson: introduce students to the most important values of the ancient Romans: religion, family and its structure,
determine the meaning of this knowledge for modern people.
Lesson objectives:
Educational:
To lead students to an understanding of the general patterns of the emergence of religious beliefs.
Ensure that students understand the following terms: pontiff, augur, atrium, surname.
Educational:
Continue to develop the ability to work with textbook text, illustrations, and highlight the main points.
Educational:
Contribute to the formation of a respectful attitude towards classmates and their opinions.
Lesson type : learning new material.
Basic concepts and terms: Pontiff, augur, atrium, surname.
Teaching methods and forms of organizing educational activities: visual and problem-based teaching methods.
During the classes:
1) Solving a historical problem using a time line (Annex 1).
2) Working with a map. Showing geographical objects of Italy, Rome, the Tiber River, the Apennine Mountains, the seas washing Italy.
3)Work with the table “Government Scheme of the Roman Republic” ( Appendix 2). Using a table, tell us about the government of the Roman Republic.
Answer questions and complete assigned tasks.
5 minutes.
learning new material
Setting goals and objectives for the lesson (conversation)
Group work
Conversation
Work with text
Lesson topic " Religion of the ancient Romans"- formulate the purpose of our lesson. Lesson plan on the board (Appendix 3)
In order to get started with the topic of the lesson, let's look at our lesson plan, remember the historical terms that will come in handy - religion, priests.
The ancient Romans built temples and made sacrifices to many deities, which were revered by the ancient Greeks under other names: God the Thunderer, God the Lord of the Seas, the goddess of love, the goddess of wisdom, the god of war and others
I organize the work in the group and tell them the task:
I prepared cards (Appendix 4) with the names of the gods of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, but I put them in one folder and they got mixed up. Can you help me take them apart?
Provide a diagram on the stand using illustrations and cards, which will show the importance of these gods for the Romans.
Jupiter is the god of thunder, Neptune is the god of the seas, Venus is the goddess of love, Mars is the god of war, the patrons of nature and fertility are Ceres and Proserpina. And the most ancient deity is the god Saturn.
Why do you think the Romans needed religion?
Let's move on to the next question in our lesson plan. Priests are servants of the gods. What were these servants called and what gods did they serve?
To answer this question, open p. 202 to the paragraph of the same name, pick up a pencil and underline the names of the priests of Ancient Rome.
I listen and ask clarifying questions.
Let's move on to the next question in our lesson plan. Home and family in Ancient Rome. The atrium is the main room of the house.
I'm talking about the layout of a Roman house.
(Appendix 5)
Roman family is a surname. I suggest you guys put on a short performance on this topic. Anton is the head of the family, Ksyusha is the daughter, Christina is the son. Do you think family relationships were the same as ours now? Why?
Man - three names (personal, clan name and nickname Marcus Valery Brutus (simpleton). Boy (the first 4 names, the rest in order are Quintus, Sextus, Septimius). Woman - father's family name. What conclusion can we draw from this fact.
Formulate the purpose of the lesson -
Get acquainted with the most important values of the ancient Romans; religion, family and its structure, find outFor what we need to know this
They remember the terms and name their definition.
They work in a group, separately putting aside cards with the names of the gods of Ancient Rome and Ancient Greece. The result is reported by naming the names of unknown gods.
Compare the image of the deity and his name.
Students answer that this is one of the main values of a Roman.
Read the paragraph, underline the terms
Pontiffs are the highest priests of the Romans,
augurs - interpreters of the will of the supreme god Jupiter, vestals - priestesses of the goddess Vesta, also in the text they find the meaning of these new words for children.
They answer and explain. Write down terms in a notebook.
They listen and ask questions.
They answer and comment on their answer.
They draw a conclusion and explain.
2 minutes.
4. control and mutual control
Test tasks
Assessment
Organize test work (Appendix 6)
Exchange work with a classmate and check his test
Perform the test.
They check a classmate’s work and evaluate his work.
3 min
5. summing up
Conversation
Assessment
Have we achieved the goal of our lesson?
What were the main values of the Romans?
Formulate your conclusions.
I correct conclusions and ask clarifying questions.
Please evaluate the work of your classmates in class. I post the final grade in the journal.
Answer questions and formulate conclusions.
Evaluate the work of classmates and give reasons for the assessment.
4 min
Information about d/z
I inform d/z point 42, questions, learn the notes in the notebook
Write down homework in a diary
1 min
Annex 1.
In 2017, Kostroma is 865 years old, Moscow is 870 years old. How old is the city of Rome today?
Appendix 2.
Scheme of government of the Roman Republic.
Appendix 3.
Plan for learning new material.
1.Gods of the ancient Romans.
2. Priests - servants of the gods.
3.Doi and family in Ancient Rome.
Appendix 4.
Cards with the names of the gods of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome .
Appendix 5.
The ancient Roman house was not luxurious. Home life was simple. The main room was called the atrium. In the atrium there was a high bed for the owner, and there was a fireplace in which a fire was made. The whole family cooked and dined here. Meals were shared by both men and women. There was a hole in the ceiling for lighting. Rainwater flowed through it into a small pool in the middle of the atrium. The only furniture the Romans knew was a table, benches and a chest for clothes. Even the noblest families used the simplest utensils.
Appendix 6.
1) atrium a) servants of the gods
2) priests b) high priests of the Romans
3) pontiffs c) the main room in the house
5) surname d) interpreters of the will of the supreme god Jupiter
Jupiter Zeus
Neptune Poseidon
Venus Aphrodite
Mars Ares
Ceres and Persephone Demeter
2 Spreading the Faith
Slide 2
1. THE FIRST CHRISTIANS.
After the death of Christ, first in Palestine and then in other Roman provinces, his followers appeared, calling themselves CHRISTIANS.
The first Christians were poor and slaves
Why do you think?
"Wailing Wall" in Jerusalem.
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In room 1 c. Christianity began to spread among other nations.
What attracted them to the new religion?
The Roman authorities began to persecute the first Christians and they were forced to secretly gather in cata-combs and quarries.
They chose priests and read the Gospel aloud.
Catacombs in the Roman suburbs.
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- Ancient Greece
- Ancient Egypt
- Mesopotamia
In most countries of the ancient world there was a pagan religion.
What beliefs did these ancient peoples of the world have?
What unites these religions?
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- Goddess of love and beauty
- Ancient Greek gods
- Ancient Roman gods
- God of the sky, thunder and lightning
- God is the patron of the arts
The Romans borrowed many of their religious beliefs about gods from Greek mythology. Prove it.
- Apollo
- Jupiter
- Venus
- Aphrodite
- Apollo
Slide 6
In Rome there were gods who were worshiped by all residents, and family deities who were prayed to at home, at the family altar.
Vesta, the goddess of sacred fire, who also guarded the family hearth, was especially revered.
- The household deities were Lares, Geniuses and Penates.
- Vesta
- Ancient Roman statue
- Lara figurine
- A home chest where images of family deities were kept.
- The genius of the family is depicted in the center, and the Lares are depicted at the edges.
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Ancient Judea II millennium BC. e.
- Remember which people already believed in one god?
- When did such faith appear among the Jews?
- Which holy book contains the divine commandments of the Jewish people?
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Resurrection of Jesus Christ
According to the Gospel, Jesus Christ rose from the dead and ascended to heaven.
- Christ the Risen Bryullov K. P., 1840
- Apostles Peter and Paul
- El Greco, 1614
But the teachings of Christ continued to be brought to people by his disciples, and it spread throughout the world.
1. THE FIRST CHRISTIANS.
Slide 10
The first Christians in Rome
Last prayer of Christian martyrs
Jerome J.-L., 1883
The first Christians in Rome were persecuted.
Why do you think the Roman authorities persecuted Christians?
1. THE FIRST CHRISTIANS.
Slide 11
2.SPREADING THE FAITH.
The spread of Christianity in the Roman Empire. The teaching of Christ spread first in the east, among Jews and Greeks, in the countries of Greek speech. The Gospels were written in Greek.
For the first hundred and fifty years there were few followers of Christianity in Rome and the western part of the empire. The Greeks accepted Christianity more quickly because they were softer in morals and more educated.
Christian teaching did not differentiate between people based on their origin. The Apostle says that there is neither Greek nor Jew, neither free nor slave, but all are one in Christ. At first Christians formed small friendly societies. Members of these societies gathered for prayer and general conversation, usually in the evening, in memory of the Last Supper of Christ.
A fraternal meal took place, during which they received communion. Then they began to postpone communion to the morning following the meal. Meals were prepared using general contributions; many added gifts to their contribution in favor of the poor; they wanted to cleanse their souls through alms and charitable deeds. The poor were called the precious treasures of the church. Christians also considered the liberation of a slave a holy deed. To ransom a slave means to save a soul. The Christian bishop Cyprian taught that you must see Christ in your captive brothers and redeem Him who ransomed us from death; you must snatch from the hands of the barbarians the One who snatched us from the devil.
Christians celebrated three days a week, Wednesday, Friday and Sunday, in memory of the captivity of Christ, His martyrdom and resurrection. On holidays, they did not decorate doors and streets with flowers, did not dance in circles, and this was noticeable to those around them. By the middle of the 1st century. In Christianity, many different trends clearly emerged that were in heated debate with each other and with external ideological competitors.
Early Christian communities did not know the dogma and cult of later Christianity. The communities did not have special places for worship, did not know the sacraments or icons. The only thing that was common to all communities and groups was the belief in a voluntary atoning sacrifice, made once and for all for the sins of all people by a mediator between God and man. In the Christian community, one could notice the difference between the special zealots of the faith, perfect Christians, and the multitude of uninitiated ones.
Perfect Christians were required to have a lot of perseverance; they were not supposed to fall into serious sin, which is why they were called saints and priests. They were baptized, the main secrets of the faith were revealed to them. Baptism was considered equal to great repentance, spiritual enlightenment, and was given only after long preparation. The majority consisted of catechumens, i.e. preparing for baptism. If an initiate fell into sin, he was excommunicated from the community and accepted again only after a long period of repentance.
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The presentation has come to an end, but I’m not saying goodbye, I’m saying see you again
Litvients Daniil Nikolaevich
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Culture of Ancient Rome World artistic culture Lesson-presentation Vasilyeva O.N. Lomovskaya secondary school Dyudkovo 2009Slide 2
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Worship of the gods The Romans revered the gods of fate, cities, and the patron spirits of every person. The gods of the hearth occupied a special place in their beliefs. To perform rituals in honor of the household gods, the Roman family gathered around the home altar. Lararia were built in the houses - something like a small chapel, where there were wax figurines of Lars (patrons of the house) and Penates (guardians of the hearth and food supplies). The head of the family placed honey cakes, wine, flowers in front of the altar, or threw part of the dinner intended for the gods into the flames of the hearth. The cult of the Genius, the patron saint of the emperor and all men, was of national importance. Juno patronized women.
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Rome During the heyday of the Empire, the Roman type of urban planning spread: the city consisted of residential neighborhoods, public buildings, squares (forums) and artisan districts. The Romans learned to make a material like concrete from lime mortar, crushed stone and volcanic sand, which made it possible to build massive and durable structures. From the Etruscans, the Romans took architectural elements such as the arch and vault. From the Greeks, the Romans borrowed architectural orders.
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Appian Way Roman roads were of great strategic importance; they united various parts of the country. The Appian Way leading to Rome (VI-III centuries BC. Named after the builder - censor Appius Claudius Caecus) for the movement of cohorts and messengers was the first of a network of roads that later covered the whole of Italy. Near the Aricchi valley, the road, paved with a thick layer of concrete, crushed stone, lava and tuff slabs, ran along a massive wall (197 m long, 11 m high) due to the terrain, dissected in the lower part by three through arched spans for mountain waters.
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Aqueducts and viaducts Rome is gradually becoming the most water-rich city in the world. Powerful bridges and aqueducts (the aqueduct of Appius Claudius, 311 BC, the aqueduct of Marcius, 144 BC), running tens of kilometers, took a prominent place in the architecture of the city, in the appearance of its picturesque surroundings AQUEDUCT (lat. ., from “water” and “I lead”) - a bridge with a grooved water pipeline and arched spans, sometimes in several tiers in places where the earth’s surface is low. VIADUK (Latin, from “path, road” and “lead”) - a bridge over which a section of the road passes at its intersection with a ravine, gorge, another road, etc.
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Thermal baths Public baths (thermal baths) were equipped with a gymnasium, playgrounds, and swimming pools with hot, warm and cold water. The baths were a favorite vacation spot for the Romans. There they exercised and exchanged news. Instead of soap, olive oil was rubbed into the skin. After the steam room we plunged into a pool of cold water. Then we had a massage and went home for dinner.
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Roman Forum The center of life in Rome, the capital of the empire, was the square lying between two hills - the Capitol and the Palatine. It was called Forum Romanum. People's assemblies were held here, where laws were discussed, issues of war and peace were decided, and trade deals were concluded. The square was lined with buildings decorated with marble and bronze statues, columns and arches that were erected in honor of the victories of Roman emperors and generals.
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Triumphal Arches Triumphal Arch of Constantine. IV century. Rome. The Arch of Emperor Titus was built in honor of his victory over rebellious Palestine. A bronze sculptural group was erected on it: Titus, accompanied by the food goddess Victoria, sat on a chariot drawn by four horses. Similar arches were called triumphal, as they were associated with triumph - the ceremonial entry of the conqueror into the city. The habit of erecting triumphal arches spread throughout Europe.
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Trajan's Column In addition to arches, monument columns were also built in Rome. This is Trajan's Column (architect Apollodorus), erected in 113 in honor of the Roman victory over the Dacians. The column, made of 17 drums of Carrara marble, rose 30 m and was crowned with a bronze statue of Emperor Trajan. The outside of the column was decorated with marble slabs with reliefs of the most important episodes of the war with the Dacians. This sculptural ribbon, about 22 meters long, encircles the entire column
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The Pantheon - the temple of all gods For many centuries, this temple was an unsurpassed example of a building topped with a dome. The grandiose round space of the temple is covered by a spherical bowl of a dome with a diameter of 43.2 m. In the center of the dome there is a window with a diameter of 9 m, through which streams of sunlight pour. The entire weight of the huge dome is supported by eight massive pylon supports hidden in the wall. They are connected to each other by a system of brick arches. The wide stone pediment of the portico rests on 8 columns. The Pantheon is considered the most perfect example of Roman architecture, both technically and artistically.
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Colosseum During the imperial Flavian dynasty in 75-80. A grandiose amphitheater was built in the center of Rome. In the Middle Ages, it received the name “Colosseum” - from the Latin word “colossus” - colossal. The Colosseum is a huge oval bowl measuring 188x156 m with rows of seats that go down to the center - the arena. Gladiator fights and fights between people and animals took place here. They could be watched by up to 56 thousand spectators. The structure is surrounded by a powerful wall. It is divided into 4 tiers, consisting of pillars and arches. Each tier was decorated with columns of a different type: the lower one - Doric, the second - Ionic, the third - Corinthian. The fourth tier was a blank wall, dissected by Corinthian pilasters - projections. Thus, the Roman architect skillfully and in his own way used the Greek order system, supplementing it with Roman elements - an arch and a vault.
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Sculptural portrait The Romans borrowed from the Etruscans the custom of honoring dead ancestors. A plaster or wax mask was removed from the face of the deceased and displayed in the front room. During the funeral procession, masks not only of the deceased, but also of their ancestors were carried behind the coffin. This custom taught the Romans to see in a portrait not an ideal hero, but a real person, and to value the authenticity of a sculptural portrait.
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Sculptural portrait in the II-I centuries. BC e. The Roman nobility was given the right to erect their statues in public places. They depicted specific people, and the sculptors sought to convey external resemblance, but without idealization
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Frescoes Wall frescoes - true masterpieces of painting - were found in the so-called Villa of the Mysteries in Pompeii. They depict not only mythical characters, participants in initiation into the cult of the god Dionysus, but also the mistress of the villa, the girl serving her, and the winged goddess. Roman frescoes often repeated paintings by Greek masters. Landscapes, gardens and parks, cities and temples, birds and animals are depicted in these paintings.
Slide 19
Frescoes Fresco "Spring" from the city of Stabius, near Pompeii. The girl, symbolizing spring, moves away from the viewer into the depths of space, breathing coolness and freshness. In her left hand she holds a cornucopia, and with her right hand she gently touches a flower rising from the ground. Her golden-yellow cape, brown hair and pink tone of her bare shoulders are in amazing harmony with the bright green background of the flowering meadow. The joy associated with the arrival of spring, with the warm spring sun, the fragrance of blossoming nature, the feeling of the lightness of the girl’s movements, as if floating through the air, permeate the entire pictorial composition.