Calvinism (the teachings of Calvin). John Calvin and his teachings The teachings and church of John Calvin presentation
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Jean (Coven) Calvin (1509-1564) - one of the leaders European Reformation, founder of Calvinism.
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Born on July 10, 1509 in the city of Noyon (Northern France).
Noyon
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In Orleans and Paris he was educated as a theologian and lawyer.
Paris, Cathedral Notre Dame of Paris
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In 1533 he was expelled from the French capital for his adherence to Protestantism. Soon after this, Calvin became famous as a Protestant preacher and theologian. In 1536, he settled in Geneva (Switzerland).
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By this time, the foundations of the Calvinist doctrine had been formed. Calvin disagreed with M. Luther, the recognized leader of the Reformation, on a number of issues.
Martin Luther
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He rejected the complex, multi-level structure of the Church. The latter was seen by Calvin as a union of communities led by elected pastors (preachers). At the same time, secular power not only does not have the right to interfere in the affairs of the Church, but must be subordinated to it. Calvin did not admit that a person’s faith in God is sufficient for the remission of sins. A person, according to the founder of Calvinism, should not passively wait for his destiny to be fulfilled; his duty is to meet it halfway, to be a hard worker. A person cannot change anything here, and the only sign by which he can judge his chosenness is success in worldly affairs. Work is the highest form of service to the Almighty. Calvin condemned everything unnecessary that interfered with work activity (luxury, entertainment). Calvinism proclaimed new moral values and norms of attitude towards work - thrift, calculation, stinginess, accumulation, moderation in everyday life.
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Calvin's teachings found a response among the Genevan bourgeoisie. After all, increasing working days and hoarding, which contributed to enrichment, were not considered a sin. Merry holidays, music, and dancing are irrevocably a thing of the past. In 1538, Calvin's opponents managed to expel him from Geneva, but in 1541 the theologian was already begged to return. Returning, Calvin completed the reform he had begun, turning Geneva into the capital of the Calvinist Reformation and establishing an unlimited church dictatorship here. From this time on he became known as the "Pope of Geneva". Bright clothes, gluttony, theatrical performances, even loud laughter in public places were strictly prohibited and severely punished. Calvin's opponents were expelled or executed.
John Calvin
CALVIN, JEAN (Calvin, Jean) (1509–1564), French theologian, religious reformer, founder of Calvinism. Born on July 10, 1509 in Noyon, a diocesan center in northern France. His father, Gerard Coven, achieved a fairly high position in the church and public hierarchy, but in 1528 his ill-wishers achieved his expulsion. Calvin's mother, Jeanne Lefranc, was a pious woman from a noble Walloon family. Little Jean, distinguished by his outstanding talent, received his primary education together with the scions of a noble family at Montmore Castle.
In Paris he studied dialectics. He owned a church parish, where at the age of 18 he preached. On the advice of his father, he returned to Paris and began studying to become a lawyer. From Paris, Jean moved to Orleans, where he worked under the guidance of the famous lawyer Pierre Stella, and then moved to Bourges, where the Milanese lawyer Alziati lectured at the University of Bourges. Under Alziati's guidance he studied Roman law. He began to study with Melchior Volmar humanitarian sciences. After his father's death, he quits practicing law. Wolmar advised Calvin to study theology. Calvin studies the Bible and the works of the reformers, including Martin Luther. Calvin doesn't come out catholic church, preaches the idea of cleansing the church. He completed a course of science with a licentiate degree. In the summer of 1531 he left for Paris, where he continued his independent education. He received minor income from two church parishes. In the spring of 1532, he published his first scientific work at his own expense - a commentary on Seneca’s treatise “On Meekness.” In 1532 he received his doctorate in Orleans.
Under Calvin's influence, the city council adopted his "Ecclesiastical Ordinances" - a new form of church organization, which, with some variations, was adopted by Calvinist communities in other countries. Like Luther, Calvin denied the hierarchical structure of the church and its subordination to the pope. The Geneva church was headed by a consistory, which actually subjugated secular power. The decisions of the consistory took the form of state laws, the implementation of which was ensured by secular authorities. The secular government itself, according to Calvinist doctrine, has the right to exist only insofar as it fulfills the instructions of the church.
If Martin Luther began the Protestant Reformation of the church on the principle of “remove from the church everything that clearly contradicts the Bible,” then Calvin went further - he removed from the church everything that is not required in the Bible. The Protestant Reformation of the church according to Calvin is characterized by a tendency towards rationalism and often a distrust of mysticism. The central doctrine of Calvinism, from which all other doctrines rationally follow, is the sovereignty of God, that is, the supreme authority of God in all things. From Calvin's point of view, it does not depend on a person whether to accept the gift of grace or resist it, since this is done against his will. Probably, from Luther’s premises he concluded that since some accept faith and find it in their souls, while others turn out to have no faith, then it follows that some from eternity are predestined by God to destruction, and others from eternity by God predestined for salvation. This is the doctrine of the unconditional predestination of some to destruction, and others to salvation.
Unlike Luther, Calvin never explained how his conversion happened. Only in the preface to the commentary on the Psalms does he mention that the truth immediately illuminated him like lightning. “And then I realized,” writes Calvin, “in what an abyss of errors, in what deep mud my soul had been mired until then. And then, O God, I did what was my duty, and with fear and tears, cursing my my former life, I have followed Your path." At that time, a small evangelical community of supporters of the Reformation already existed in Paris. Having become close to these people, Calvin, despite his youth, soon became their spiritual leader.
The results of his activities were enormous. Largely thanks to Calvin, the Protestant teaching acquired more and more new followers. Already during his lifetime, Calvinism established itself in most Swiss cantons and in Scotland. The Reformation made great strides in France, the Netherlands and Poland. For some time it seemed that England, where the young English king Edward VI was a follower of the teachings of the Genevan reformer, Edward VI, was also about to join Calvinism. Calvin himself saw only the beginning of the religious wars in France and did not live to see the anti-Spanish (essentially anti-Catholic) uprising in the Netherlands. Unparalleled exhausting work undermined his poor health. At 40, the reformer already seemed like a decrepit, bent old man. From 1559, after he suffered a fever on his legs, his condition deteriorated greatly. But he continued to work and lecture until in February 1564, during one of his speeches, blood began to flow down his throat. After that he finally fell ill. His last months were spent in terrible suffering. He endured them without complaint and, in brief moments of relief, returned to work. The great reformer died on May 27, 1564.
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THE SPREAD OF THE REFORMATION IN EUROPE
MBOU "Lyceum No. 12", Novosibirsk teacher of the VKK Stadnichuk T.M.
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TEACHINGS OF JEAN CALVIN
In the middle of the 16th century. The Reformation spread throughout Europe, covering England, France, Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, and Switzerland. One of the largest centers of the Reformation was Switzerland, where John Calvin became the creator of a new Christian doctrine.
Calvin was educated at the University of Paris, where he became interested in theology. Having become acquainted with the teachings of Luther, in 1533 he declared himself a Protestant. For his participation in the dissemination of Protestant appeals, Calvin was persecuted and fled to Switzerland, where he wrote a book in which he set out the main provisions of his teaching.
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TEACHINGS OF JEAN CALVIN
All people are sinners. Souls are destined either for salvation or destruction. A person must completely submit to fate. The divine sign of salvation is success in business. Thrift and unpretentiousness in everyday life. A person must work constantly. Only chosen souls will be saved.
"Instruction in Christian faith", 1536
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TEACHINGS OF JEAN CALVIN
This is how another Protestant doctrine is formed - Calvinism. Residents of Geneva, one of the centers of the Reformation, invited Calvin to settle in their city. For his enormous influence on the minds of people, contemporaries called Calvin the “Pope of Geneva.”
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CALVINIST CHURCH
Calvinism proclaimed new moral values - frugality, calculation and accumulation, combined with tireless work. They were elected to govern church ranks, whose duties included preaching, charity, teaching at school, and moral supervision. A consistory is a court that combined the functions of a church and civil court.
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CALVINIST CHURCH
There was a system of fines and punishments. Calvin opposed all excesses. Luxury items, jewelry, and beautiful clothes were prohibited. The night watchmen made sure that after 9 o'clock in the evening no one left the house in order to get to work in the morning.
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CALVINIST CHURCH
Gradually, dissatisfied people began to appear in the city. In 1553, the main work of M. Servetus, “The Restoration of Christianity,” was published, where he denies the dogma of the Trinity. Servetus tried to give an idea of blood as the abode of the soul. Servetus's book was declared heretical, and its entire circulation was destroyed. In 1546, Calvin executed Miguel Servetus after prolonged torture.
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CALVINIST CHURCH
The Calvinist Church recognized only two rites - baptism and communion. The church community was not subordinate to the city secular authorities and enjoyed the right of self-government. She elected and controlled her leaders - preachers and elders, presbyters (from the Greek - elder). Instead of priests, there were preachers - pastors, who were elected from among the most literate parishioners who knew the Holy Scriptures. To discuss common affairs, community representatives gathered together and made the necessary decisions.
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CALVINIST CHURCH
All were canceled church holidays except Easter. There are no icons or sculptures of saints in the church; nothing should distract from prayer.
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CALVINIST CHURCH
Calvinism enjoyed the support of the nobility and the emerging layer of entrepreneurs in Switzerland, England, France and Holland, because entrepreneurial activity and profit turned into a godly matter. In France they were called Huguenots, in England - Puritans.
Huguenots
Puritans
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COUNTER-REFORMATION
In Europe, the number of Protestants increased every year. This could not but cause unrest in the Catholic Church.
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COUNTER-REFORMATION
The Counter-Reformation is the struggle of the Catholic Church against Protestantism.
The Catholic Church encouraged denunciations of Protestants - the informer received part of the property of the convicted person. In order to combat harmful ideas, the “Index of Prohibited Books” was published in Rome. The Inquisition, which was especially rampant in Spain and Italy, also fought for the purity of faith.
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COUNTER-REFORMATION
Auto-da-fe (literally, an act of faith) was a solemn religious ceremony that included the performance of preachers, public repentance of convicted heretics and the reading of their sentences. After which the convicts were handed over to secular authorities to be burned at the stake.
In Spain, about 35,000 people were burned in 1481-1808
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COUNTER-REFORMATION
The main weapon of the Catholic Church in the fight against the Reformation was the Jesuit Order, founded in 1540. The head of the order was Ignatius of Loyola, a nobleman from Spain.
Activities of the order: propagation and defense of the faith, education of “good Catholics”; teaching and helping the disadvantaged; if necessary, life in the world; education also included humanities.
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COUNTER-REFORMATION
The basic principles of building the order: strict discipline, strict centralization, unquestioning obedience of juniors to elders, the absolute authority of the head - an elected general for life (the “black pope”), subordinate directly to the Pope, “adaptive” morality.
The motto is “All for the glory of God.”
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Cathedral of Triden
All this time, disputes between supporters and opponents of the reforms of the Catholic Church did not subside. These differences were supposed to be resolved by the Council of Trent, which took place in the Italian city of Trento and lasted intermittently for 18 years, from 1545 to 1563.
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Cathedral of Triden
As a result, the following decisions were made at the council: the supremacy of popes over councils was recognized; the church retained the right to interpret Holy Scripture; all the instructions of the pope were mandatory; Catholic dogmas remained inviolable and were not subject to discussion; the power of bishops was increased; the Inquisition was strengthened. ban on the sale of indulgences; opening of seminaries for the training of Catholic priests.
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RESULTS OF REFORMATION IN EUROPE
Changing people's attitudes towards work = capitalism developed faster in Protestant countries. In European countries there was a strengthening of national churches = strengthening of secular power. More schools = education became more accessible. The religious split of Europe = religious wars soon began to break out, the largest of which was the Thirty Years' War.
genus. July 10, 1509, Noyon, Picardy - d. May 27, 1564, Geneva) - church reformer; wrote "Institutio religionis christianae" (1536), where he developed the system of Christ. faith, which is based on the following principle: the Bible, especially the body of its religious dogmas contained in Old Testament, is the only source(Christian) truths. In his teaching (Calvinism), which was initially influenced by anti-scholastic humanism, he proceeded from predestination. The close connection between Calvinism, especially the English Puritanism that developed from it, and modern Western capitalism was pointed out primarily by Max Weber (see also Asceticism). Collection op. in "Corpus Reformatorum" (59 Bde., 1863-1900).
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CALVIN Jean
(July 10, 1509 - May 27, 1564) - founder of Calvinism, one of the most prominent figures of the Reformation. Genus. in Noyon (France). From 1523 he studied law. fact-those in Orleans and Paris. In 1531, K. wrote his first work, which reflected the ideas he gleaned from communication with humanists, and was strongly influenced by Erasmus of Rotterdam and Luther. In the fall of 1533 K. renounced Catholicism. church and created the first community of followers of his reform ideas. However, he was soon persecuted and left his homeland in 1534. In 1536 in Basel, K. published Ch. his op. "Instructions in the Christian Faith", which was given systematically. presentation of a new doctrine based on the recognition of abs. predestination, which Engels characterized as a religion. expression of the interests of “... the boldest part of the bourgeoisie of that time” (Marx K. and Engels F., Izbr. prod., vol. 2, 1955, p. 94). Having arrived in Geneva in 1536, K. became the head of the reformation. movement and soon began to energetically implement his ideas, demanding strict adherence to religious morals. establishments, to which he gave the Crimea the character of a state. law. K. abolished the magnificent Catholic. cult, introduced strict regulation of societies. and personal life - entertainment, clothing, food, etc., required obligation. church visits services. He developed the “Church Establishments”, which became the basis of the Calvinist church. K. fiercely persecuted dissidents - humanists (Castellio), his former like-minded people who disagreed with his regime (Pierre Hamot, Ami Perrin, etc.). With particular mercilessness, not inferior in cruelty to the Inquisition itself, he attacked the free-thinkers (the execution of J. Gruet in 1547, the burning of M. Servetus in 1553). Op.: Opera selecta, Bd 1–5, M?nch., 1926–36; Unterricht in der christlichen Religion, Neukirchen, 1955. Lit.: Engels F., Development of socialism from utopia to science. Introduction to the English edition, in the book: K. Marx and F. Engels, Izbr. proizv., vol. 2, M., 1955; him, Ludwig Feuerbach and the end of classical German philosophy, ibid.; Vipper R. Yu., The influence of Calvin and Calvinism on the political teachings and movements of the 16th century. Church and state in Geneva of the 16th century in the era of Calvinism, M., 1894; Wendel R., Calvin. Sources et ?volution de sa pens?e religieuse, , 1950; McNeill J. T., The history and character of Calvinism, N. Y., 1954. B. Ramm. Leningrad.
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Martin Luther (1483–1546) - founder of Lutheranism and his parents: Hans and Margaret
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Pope Leo X anathematizes Luther at the Council of Worms. 1520 Luther publicly burns the papal bull excommunicating him in the courtyard of the University of Wittenberg and, in his address “To the Christian nobility of the German nation,” declares that the fight against papal dominance is the business of the entire German nation.
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John Calvin (1509-1564) French theologian, church reformer, founder of Calvinism. Calvin rarely spoke about himself, although he once wrote: “My father, from early childhood, set me on the path of a theologian... then, changing his mind, he sent me to study law... until, finally, God directed my life in a different direction with a secret hand Your providence. By a sudden conversion He made my stubborn young mind capable of learning, because I was so deeply steeped in the prejudices of the papacy that nothing less than God's will, could not pull me out of this abyss.”
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Calvin's letter to Edward IV, July 4, 1552. He called for the execution of the Anabaptists: "They all deserve the death penalty because they oppose God, who raised him [Edward] to the royal throne." Calvin supported Christian doctrines and practices with the sword. In October 1563, the government of Geneva burned Michel Servetus for heresy. Servetus adhered to Unitarian positions and was undoubtedly a false teacher, but New Testament does not contain any teaching about the burning of false teachers. Many other people suffered the death penalty in Calvin's domain. “He fully justified the use of punitive measures and wrote a treatise in defense of them, where he provided evidence of the legality of the death penalty for heretics
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Generalities and differences In Lutheranism, as in Calvinism, the doctrine of justification by faith and the doctrine of the predestination of some elect people to salvation are accepted, however, in this current of Protestantism, unlike Calvinism, there is no provision for the election of people to condemnation. The dogmatics of Lutheranism are strictly Christ-centric, in contrast to the teachings of Calvinism, which is rather characterized by God-centrism, and Pentecostalism with its spiritual-centric tendencies. Unlike Catholics and Calvinists, Lutherans strictly separate the scope of the Gospel and the law. The first of them is connected with the church, the second with the state. Liturgical practice in Lutheran churches, as in other churches of Protestantism, is greatly simplified compared to the Catholic cult. Nevertheless, the Lutherans did not go as far in simplifying rituals as the Calvinists, Baptists, and Methodists, and retained a number of elements of the Catholic liturgy. Unlike Calvinist clergy, Lutheran pastors wear special vestments, although they are much more modest than those of Catholic priests. Absent from Lutheranism and one system Church structure The Calvinists and Lutherans have two sacraments - baptism and the Lord's Supper (communion), and they do not have saving power, but are only signs of a person’s salvation. Baptism is considered a sign of a person's membership in the church with his liberation from sins, since faith in Christ gives such liberation. Calvinists also understand communion in a unique way. Unlike M. Luther, J. Calvin believed that during the Eucharist the body and blood of Christ are present in the elements of the sacrament not physically, but spiritually. Cult practice in different Calvinist churches varies somewhat, but in general it is characterized by a significant simplification of worship not only in comparison with Orthodoxy, Catholicism, Anglicanism, but even in comparison with Lutheranism. Calvinists rejected any images. Their church premises are unpretentious. Unlike Lutherans and Anglicans, Calvinists do not have any special vestments for the clergy, and candles are not lit during services. There is no altar in churches; the cross is not considered a mandatory church symbol. Calvinist churches are governed either by presbyteries formed by priests and elders from among the laity of several neighboring communities, or directly by meetings of congregations (communities).
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Lutherans and Calvinists today The total number of followers of Lutheranism throughout the world is 76 million people. The largest number of Lutherans is still concentrated in Germany (27 million, or 35% of the country's population). in the Nordic countries: Denmark (4.6 million, or 89%), Sweden (4.4 million, or 53%; Finland (4.2 million, or 85%), Norway (3.8 million ., or 89%), Iceland (243 thousand, or 96%), Estonia (569 thousand, or 36%), Latvia (491 thousand, or 18%), Hungary (450 thousand, or 4% ), Austria (359 thousand, or 5%), Slovakia (326 thousand, or 6%), France (263 thousand, or 0.5%), Russia (170 thousand, or 0.1%, - predominantly Germans), In America, the largest groups of Lutheran supporters are in the USA (12 million, or 5% of the population) and Brazil (1.1 million, or 0.7%). In Africa, large groups of Lutheran followers are found in Tanzania ( 1.5 million, or 5%), Ethiopia (1 million, or 2%) and Namibia (about 1 million, or 51%) In Asia: Indonesia (3.5 million, or 2%), and India (1.2 million, or 0.1%). In the Australian-Ocean region, adherents of Lutheranism are represented in Papua New Guinea (about 1 million, or about 1/4 of the population) and Australia (134 thousand, mainly thus the Germans). The total number of followers of Calvinism is 62 million people. In Europe they are represented primarily in the Netherlands (3.7 million people, or 25% of the total population), Switzerland (2.5 million, or 38% of the population), Hungary (2 million, or 19% of the population), Germany (2 million, or more than 2% of the population), Great Britain (1.9 million, or over 3% of the population, in America: USA (6.5 million people ), In Asia, there are Calvinists in South Korea (over 5 million), Indonesia (about 5 million, India (0.6 million people). In Africa, there are many followers of Calvinism in South Africa (4.2 million, or 12 % of the population, Nigeria (1.6 million people), Calvinists make up a high percentage of the population in a number of countries in Oceania: New Zealand (559 thousand, or 17% of the population), French Polynesia (86 thousand, or 47% of the population), There are also Calvinists in Australia (159 thousand people).