Navigation signs on bridges. Navigational signs and lights of inland waterways of Russia
The IALA system provides for the division of the World Ocean into two regions - A and B.
The IALA floating fencing system is generally the same for both regions. The division into regions A and B is caused only by the difference in the color of the lateral signs and the color of their lights. Under the IALA system in region A, the red color of the signs and
lights are adopted for fencing the left side of fairways and canals, and green for fencing the right side.
Each type of badge has a corresponding coloration, top figure appearance and the nature of the fire, making it possible to reliably identify the signs in the daytime and at night. The shape and design of the signs of the system may be different. The most common for buoys are cigar-shaped and columnar. Luminous and non-illuminated buoys can be equipped with radar reflectors, responding beacons, howlers and other means, as announced in navigational manuals.
Red floating warning signs on the left side of the fairway.
Green is on the right side.
IN sea waters Russian Federation, as well as in inland waters - lakes Ladoga, Onega, fencing of navigational hazards, fairways and canals is carried out according to the IALA system, region A. Enclosing signs are luminous and non-luminous buoys, milestones, and in some cases stationary signs on a hydraulic basis.
In the waters of the Russian Federation, each type of floating fencing signs corresponds to only one type of fire assigned to it.
The use of top figures on luminous and non-illuminated buoys of the IALA system in the waters of Russia is mandatory, an exception is allowed only in freezing areas during the winter navigation period. Selection of types and number of floating warning signs to be displayed according to
system of IALA in the waters of the Russian Federation, in each case is determined by the navigational and hydrographic features of the area, the conditions and navigation regime, the position, size and type of protected hazards
The direction of fairways and channels, the name of their sides are determined, counting from the sea.
Lateral signs
Lateral signs are intended for fencing the sides of fairways and channels, marking the places of their separation and indicating the position of the main (preferred) fairway or channel in such places.
The direction of the fairway or canal, protected by lateral signs, the name of the parties "left", "right" are considered from the sea to the port, and in some cases it is negotiated additionally. Where it is difficult to determine the fairway or channel "from the sea", a pointer is placed on nautical charts
- a contour arrow of lilac color, its position corresponds to the accepted direction of a given fairway or channel, and the red and green marks applied on the sides of the arrow indicate their left and right sides, respectively. Lateral signs include:
fencing signs for the sides of fairways and canals
signs of the left side; right side sign;
signs indicating the places of separation of fairways and channels;
signs "Main fairway (channel) on the right" and "Main fairway (channel) on the left".
The lateral signs of the left and right sides are numbered, even numbers are assigned to the signs of the left side, odd numbers are assigned to the signs of the right side.
The numbering order is announced in navigation manuals, and the assigned buoy numbers are shown on sea charts.
In some cases, the numbering can be carried out in a way that is convenient, according to local conditions.
Designation of points of separation of fairways
Signs "Main fairway (channel) on the right"- buoy, milestone -
are exhibited at the place of separation, on the left side of the main fairway (channel) and show the position of the main fairway (channel) relative to the sign (counting from the sea). The signs are red with a green horizontal stripe in the middle (1/3 of the height of the above-water part of the sign).
The symbol for the color of the sign on the maps is kzlk.
The top figure is a red cylinder. The fire is red, complex group flashing (alternating complex groups of two and one flash of red). Symbol on the maps: Pr (2 + 1) 9s and red color of fire near the image of the buoy.
Signs "Main fairway (channel) on the left"- buoy, milestone - are placed at the point of separation on the right side of the main fairway (channel) and show the position of the main fairway (channel) relative to the sign (counting from the sea). Signs are green with a red horizontal stripe in the middle (1/3 of the height of the above-water part of the sign).
The symbol for the color of the sign on the maps is zlkzl. The top figure is a green cone pointing up. The fire is green complex group flashing (alternating complex groups of two and one flash of green). Symbol on the maps: Pr (2 + 1) 9s and green light at the image of the buoy.
Fencing of the sides of fairways (channels)
Signs, left side- buoy, milestone - put on the left side of the fairway (channel), they indicate: "Leave me on the left."
The signs are red. Numbers are applied on two or three sides.
Symbol color symbol on maps - k. Top figure - red cylinder. Red flashing light, 20 flashes per minute, symbol on the maps: PZS and red light at the buoy image.
Right side signs- buoy, milestone - put on the right side of the fairway (channel), they indicate: "Leave me on the right." The signs are green. Numbers are applied on two or three sides. The symbol for the color of the sign on the maps is zł. The top figure is a green cone pointing up.
Flashing green light, 20 flashes per minute.
Symbol on the maps: Prospective and green light at the image of the buoy.
General provisions
1. Navigation signs and lights are designed to create safe conditions for navigation of ships and ensure the safety of artificial structures on inland waterways
2. Navigation lights on structures must operate from sunset to sunrise
3. With the lateral system, the types, main parameters and dimensions, the color and type of coloring of navigation marks, as well as the nature, color and relative position of signal lights are determined in the prescribed manner
4. With the cardinal system, the color and type of coloring of the floating signs, their top figures and the nature of the lights are determined by the current fencing system on the waterways of the categories "M" and "O"
Composition and purpose of navigation marks
1. Navigation signs are divided into coastal and floating. In turn, they, depending on the silhouette of the figure, can be: rectangular, triangular, round, trapezoidal, combined, linear.
2. Coastal signs include fencing signs (designations) of the ship's passage and information signs
Coastal signs indicating the position of the ship's passage include crossing, navigation, spring signs "landmark", indicators of the height of the underbridge clearance and the edges of the ship's passage in the navigable spans of bridges, navigation channel lights, as well as identification marks and beacons. By these signs, the navigator determines the direction of the ship's course.
3. The structure of floating signs includes buoys, milestones
4. Floating navigation signs are divided into edge, turn, dump, separation, axial, rotary-axial and danger signs
5. On the rivers, the name of the right and left edges (sides) of the ship's passage is taken in the direction of the water flow
On transit ship passages of reservoirs, the names of the parties are taken in the direction from the backwater wedging zone to the dam
On the approaches to ports, marinas, shelters, as well as on the ship passages of tributaries flowing into the reservoir, the name of the right and left edges of the ship passage is taken in the direction of the transit ship passage
On canals and lakes, the names of the parties on the ship's passages are accepted conditionally when designing the transport development of these waterways.
Depending on the requirements for the operation of inland waterways, signs are either equipped with navigation lights or displayed without lights. Signs equipped with lights are designed to ensure the movement of ships around the clock, as well as reflective signs, which are observed at night when using ship searchlights.
Navigation lights are characterized by the color and nature of the fire - alternating flashes (glimmers) and pauses (blackouts).
The nature of navigation lights
1. Constant
2.
Flashing - periodically repeating flashes
3
. Double flash - periodically repeating groups of two flashes
4.
Frequent flashing - continuously repeated frequent flashes
5.
Group-frequent flashing - periodically repeating groups
6.
Pulsating - continuously repeating light pulses
7.
Intermittently pulsating - periodically repeating groups
8.
Eclipsing - periodically repeated flashes and short-term eclipses
Floating navigation signs and lights to indicate the boundaries of the ship's passage.
Floating navigation signs serve to protect dangers, indicate the edges and the axis of the ship's course. These signs, depending on the specific conditions, are displayed on water bodies according to a certain system: lateral or cardinal.
On inland waterways, 3 types of floating signs are usually used: buoys, buoys and milestones.
On inland waterways, 3 types of floating signs are used: buoys, buoys and milestones.
buoys.
They are metal floats of a conical or cylindrical shape, installed in areas with strong waves. The buoys are numbered.
The buoy is held in place by an anchor device. The length of the anchor chain is 2 to 3 times the depth at the installation site.
The most important qualities of a buoy are its buoyancy and stability.
The buoy is equipped with a signal light, which is powered by electric batteries located in a special case inside the hull.
buoys.
They consist of a float part (raft) and a signal figure (superstructure) fixed on it of a trapezoidal, round or rectangular shape.
Milestones.
They are a pole attached by a cable to an anchor load. Apply as a day floating signs on rivers with unlit navigable conditions. Milestones can be placed in addition to buoys and buoys for their duplication. The height of the above-water part of river milestones is 1 - 2 m, lake - should be equal to the above-water height of the buoys exposed in this area.
Navigational floating signs have their own distinguishing features in terms of coloring, color and nature of fire, depending on their purpose and placement system.
Edge to indicate the edges of the ship's passage
1.
Right side red light, steady or flashing
When moving downstream, the sign is left on the right, when moving upstream, on the left.
2.
Left side green, yellow or white light, steady or flashing
When moving downstream, the sign remains on the left, when moving upstream, on the right.
3.Separating. To indicate the separation of the ship's passage.
or
or
Indicates to the navigator that it is necessary to select the ship's course corresponding to the direction of the vessel's movement.
4. Danger signs enclosing dangerous places and navigation obstacles
right bank, fire - red, flashing or two flashing,
left bank, fire - green, flashing or two flashing
5.Signal signs, indicating the turn of the ship's course.
right bank, fire - red, flashing or often flashing,
left bank, fire - white, yellow or green, flashing or often flashing
6.Signal signs, denoting the axis of the ship's course and at the same time its edge to separate oncoming flows of ships
fire - white or yellow double flash
7.Signal signs, rotary-axial to indicate the turn of the axis of the ship milestone - two black (or white) and three red horizontal stripes of equal width. course The fire is white or yellow, group-frequently flashing.
8. Dump sign. Indicates a stall current that does not coincide with the direction of the ship's course. Installed on the side opposite the stall, upstream.
a) on the right edge indicates that the stall current is directed towards the right edge of the channel.
b) on the left edge indicates that the stall current is directed towards the left edge of the ship's passage
Coastal navigation marks indicating the position of the ship's passage
1.
The color of the shields of coastal leading and crossing signs is chosen to create a contrast with the background of the area (light or dark) and does not depend on the coast (right or left). The color of the lights depends on the shore (right or left)
2. Axial gate to indicate the axis of the ship's course, consists of two signs forward and backward. Sometimes this alignment is called linear. The front sign is located below the rear.
According to their form, the signs of the axial alignment can be of three types: rectangular (square) shields; trapezoidal shields; combined (lower shield trapezoidal, upper square).
Lights on the right bank red or white on the left bank - green or white on the front marks - fixed on the rear - flashing
When following the axis of the ship's passage, the navigator observes the combined leading strips of signs (during the day) and lights (at night), located on the same vertical. If the vessel deviates from the axis, the signs shift relative to each other or the conditional line connecting the lights slopes.
On a dark background On a light background
3.Slot slot to indicate the position of the ship's passage and its edges consists of three signs, two front and one rear
The lights on the right and left banks are yellow, on the front signs are constant, on the back - flashing.
If the navigator observes the rear shield (fire) between the front ones, then the ship is on the ship's course, if the strip of one of the front shields coincides with the strip of the rear shield, then this means that the ship has reached the edge of the navigation channel.
On a dark background On a light background
4. Edge gate to indicate the exact position of the ship's passage and its edges
The lights are permanent or two-stroke red on the right edge, green on the left.
In fact, this alignment can be considered as two combined axial alignments, one of which shows the left edge of the ship's passage, and the other - the right.
As long as the navigator observes during the day the gap between the vertical edges of the shields of the front and rear signs (at night, the conditional line connecting the lights of these signs is inclined towards the channel), the vessel is in the leading zone.
Two positions of the vessel when orienting along the edge alignment:
a) the ship is on the left edge of the ship's passage, because the vertical faces of the front and rear signs are combined;
b) the ship is on the axis of the ship's course.
On a dark background
On a light background
5. Crossing sign serves to designate a ship's passage and is installed in places where this passage changes direction from one coast to another. Unlike alignments, crossing signs are placed one at a time.
Crossing signs in form can be:
- a pillar with two square shields attached to its top, indicating two directions of the ship's passage;
- Rectangular vertical boards of the entire height of the sign, installed so that their front sides indicate the direction of the ship's passage;
- the third type of the pass sign is a structure of inclined trapezoidal shields tapering upwards with square shields on their tops.
The number of crossing signs placed on the river section depends on the sinuosity of the ship's passage. On the passes, two signs are usually put up - according to the sign on the left and right banks. At the same time, if these signs are connected by a conditional straight line, then it will coincide with the axis of the ship's passage.
Lights permanent or flashing, on the right bank red or white on the left - green or white or yellow flashing on both banks
On a dark background
On a light background
6.Spring sign serves to mark flooded shores and is displayed on flooded islands, ravines, capes to prevent the vessel from running aground.
On the left bank, the sign is a structure made of a pillar, on top of which a white trapezoid shield is fixed. On the right bank is a shield of the spring sign of a round shape of red color.
The lights are constant, red on the right bank, green on the left
7. Running sign to designate a ship's passage located near the shore.
The sign consists of a pillar and a diamond-shaped shield attached to its upper part. To increase the visibility range, the shield can be set to the full height of the sign.
Most often, this sign is located on clean (running) yards.
The running signs of the left bank are equipped with green flashing lights of all-round visibility, the right bank with the same red lights.
On the right bank On the left bank
8. Sign "landmark" It is used to designate characteristic conspicuous places (cape, island, etc.) on rivers, reservoirs and lakes.
The sign has a rectangular or trapezoidal shape. Shields (oblique) on the left bank are painted with alternating stripes of horizontal black and white, and on the right bank - red and white.
Two flashing lights on the right bank are red or white on the left - green or white or yellow flashing on both banks
On the right bank On the left bank
| On the right bank |
On the left coast |
|
Or |
Or |
9. Sign "Track fire" It is installed on the slopes of the banks of shipping channels and serves to orient the navigators.
Track lights are placed on both sides of the canal in pairs (against each other), usually every 250 m. The sign, as a rule, is a one-meter arbitrary structure, painted with ball paint.
In the upper part of the sign at night on the left bank a constant green light is lit, on the right bank a red constant light is lit. These lights are directed along the canal. In addition, the sign may have a lower white light, which is covered by a visor from above and illuminates the slope of the canal and the water's edge.
10.Signalization of navigable spans of bridges
Signs and lights on bridges.
These signs indicate the spans for the passage of ships, raftsmen and small watercraft under the bridges from above and below, as well as the direction of the axis of the ship's passage and the height of the underbridge clearances. A visual view and characteristics of the signs and lights displayed on the bridges are presented
Navigable spans of bridges are marked by the following signs and lights located on trusses in the middle of these spans:
a) for ships sailing from below - a square shield, at night - two permanent red leading lights visible from the navigation side of the span;
b) for ships sailing from above - a diamond-shaped shield, at night - two permanent red leading lights visible from the navigation side of the span;
c) for rafts -
round shield, at night - two permanent green leading lights;
d) for small boats - a triangular shield, top down, no lights are set at night. On a dark background, the signs are painted in White color, on light - in red.
Bridge clearance height indicators are square boards (green on a light background or white on a dark background) located vertically one above the other on the bridge supports. At night, a green permanent fire burns in the center of each shield.
Composition and distinctive features of floating signs with a cardinal system of placement
1. Cardinal signs are designed to protect navigational hazards. They are placed around the danger according to the principle of fencing it relative to the cardinal directions (along the four main directions of the compass). At the same time, the horizon around the danger fences is conditionally divided into four sectors - northern, eastern, southern and western
Cardinal signs are placed in one, several or all sectors at the same time to indicate the side from which the guarded danger should be bypassed.
Signs indicating individual dangerous places
The buoy is black with a wide red horizontal stripe, the light is white with two flashes. Milestone with top mark: two black balls one above the other. The sign is placed above the danger.
It is forbidden to use lighting devices, searchlights, as well as shields, flags and other objects if they can be mistaken for light signaling, lights and signals referred to in these Rules or if they can impair visibility or make it difficult to recognize navigation lights and signals.
lighthouses
serve to orient navigators when navigating on some estuarine sections of large rivers, reservoirs, lakes, as well as the entrance to the canal.
They are towers of various designs and architecture. (Fig. 168).
At the top of the lighthouse there is equipment for giving light signals with a set characteristic and color of fire. Some beacons are equipped with hazy sound alarms, as well as radio equipment for transmitting radio signals at certain frequencies.
The description of the lighthouses is detailed in the corresponding sailing directions, and their exact coordinates (latitude and longitude) of location are plotted on navigation charts.
Arrangement schemes for navigation signs. To consolidate knowledge on navigation signs and acquiring primary skills of orienting along them while sailing, it is useful for a novice navigator to learn how to read maps (diagrams) of sections of the route with navigational landmarks printed on them.
The simplest schemes for arranging the most common signs with an indication of the axis of the ship's passage, which is marked with a dotted line, are shown in Fig. 169-172.
The linear alignment is the most common alignment installed on waterways, and gives the exact position of the axis of the ship's course.
Slotted and edge sections are mainly used in areas where it is required to ensure increased reliability of the situation, improve the orientation of navigators when passing and overtaking, as well as in places where floating signs are often knocked off their regular places.
Pass signs(1, 2, 3. 4, 5, 6) are usually installed on the deep banks of the reach and pass sections of rivers, as well as on waterways with unlit and reflective conditions.
running signs(7.8) are established with the calculation of ensuring the movement of ships from sign to sign, as well as between the crossing and crossing signs.
spring signs are installed on capes protruding towards the ship's course and crests of floodplain banks. On rice. 177 spring signs indicate dangerous flooded brows. Signs 1 and 3 are on the right bank. 2 and 4 left.
Appendix No. 5
to the Rules (paragraphs 125. 167, 183)
Information signs
.
The information signs depicted on the color tab (application) are divided into three groups:
1. Prohibition signs.
The signal board of these signs has a round white color, the edging and the diagonal stripe are red, the symbol is black.
Fire - yellow often flashing.
Signs prohibit navigators from performing certain actions and maneuvers. Prohibition signs "Missing and overtaking trains is prohibited!", "Missing and overtaking is prohibited!" in places most convenient for observation from ships.
2. Warning and prescriptive signs.
These signs instruct navigators to be careful on this section of the route and to comply with certain safety requirements for navigation.
Fire - yellow, flashing.
The sign "Crossing the ship's passage" is installed above or below the crossing, the sign "Observe surface clearance!" - on both banks, 100 m above or below (downstream) from the location of the crossing, as well as on the support or span of the bridge.
Signs "Attention!" and "Speed limited!" are installed at the beginning and end of the section to which they apply, in places most convenient for observation from ships.
3. Directive signs.
They inform navigators about the safest places to maneuver, the location of certain objects, the width of the navigation channel, depths and other navigational information.
prohibition signs
1. Prohibition of passage- general signal sign"Semaphore" is designed to designate sections with one-way (alternate) traffic of ships, as well as to regulate traffic through the raised spans of floating bridges.
The floating bridge, when it is raised, for the passage of ships must have the following light signaling at night:
on the right downstream side of the span - two red permanent lights (on the downstream and upstream corners of the span);
on the left side of the span - two green permanent lights (on the lower and upper corners of the span);
on the allotted part of the bridge, at the end protruding into the river, a signal fire is installed from the core side, corresponding to the edge ones (red to the right bank, green to the left);
on the built bridge along its entire length, every 50 m, at a height of at least 2 m above the upper deck of the bridge, white lights are installed.
The regulation of the passage of ships through the divorced parts of the floating bridge is carried out with the help of signals raised on the semaphore mast.
| Name of the sign |
Color and nature of fire |
|
|
Semaphore: The passage is closed from below and from above | ||
|
The passage is closed from below | ||
|
The passage is closed from above | ||
|
Traffic light: Move closed | ||
|
The move is open |
Sign " Traffic light"regulates the movement of ships in the areas of locks, barrier gates of ferry rope crossings and in lifting navigable spans of bridges.
2.
Sign " Passing and overtaking prohibited" denotes a section of the channel where overtaking and passing of ships is prohibited
3.
Sign " Divergence and overtaking of trains are prohibited" denotes a section of the channel where passing and overtaking of convoys and large vessels over 120 m in length are prohibited.
at night - eclipsing yellow fire
4.
Sign " Do not drop anchors" denotes an underwater crossing area where it is forbidden to drop anchors, lower chains and lots
At night - two permanent yellow lights arranged vertically
5.
Sign " Don't create a commotion" denotes sections of the waterway where it is forbidden to create waves.
6.
Sign " Movement of small boats is prohibited" denotes a section where the movement of small vessels is prohibited on the ship's course (on roadsteads in approach channels, at berths, etc.).
At night - eclipsing yellow fire
Notes.
1. Signs are installed at a distance of 100 m above and below (downstream) from the axis of underwater crossings.
2. Signs are placed in pairs so that each pair forms a transverse alignment. On canals and sections of rivers in the area of settlements with a channel width of up to 500 m, it is allowed to install one sign on the axis of the transition on each bank
3. On waterways with a channel width of up to 500 m, the alignment of signs is placed on the bank on which they are better visible from ships.
4. If the width of the water putsch is more than 500 m, the alignments of signs are installed on both banks.
5. If the ship's passage is located along the navigation bank, the alignments of signs are installed only on this bank, regardless of the width of the waterway.
Warning and Mandatory Signs
1.
Sign " Speed limited" denotes sections of the shipping route where the speed of movement of displacement vessels is limited (on canals, in outports, water areas of raids, etc.) numbers show the maximum allowable speed (km / h)
2.
Sign " Attention" denotes sections of the shipping route where special care must be taken exclamation mark figure.
At night - flashing yellow fire
3.
Sign " Crossing the ship's passage" to indicate the places where ships and ferries cross the ship's passage
At night - flashing yellow fire
4.
Sign " Respect the water clearance" denotes a bridge and a surface crossing. A figure that shows the minimum clearance height of the surface crossing, the height of the under-bridge navigable clearance of the navigable span of the bridge from the design water level (m)
At night - two yellow permanent lights, located horizontally.
Directive signs
1
. Sign " Place of turnover of ships" to indicate the area where it is most safe to turn the vessel
At night - fire yellow constant
2.
Sign " Shipping Inspection Post" to designate the locations of shipping inspection units
Fire yellow steady
3.
"stop sign" denotes the useful length of the lock chambers and the boundaries of the mooring (stopping) zone for ships in the approach channels to the locks. The sign is a (vertical) red stripe 0.2-0.4 m wide and at least 1.5 m long, applied on the parapets and (or) walls of chambers and berthing structures of locks
Illuminated by a constant red light.
4.
Sign " Raid Pointer" to indicate the border of the raid. If there are several raids, the number shows the ordinal number of the raid
Note: It is allowed to install additional shields, where the arrow indicates the direction of the raid, and the numbers indicate the length of the raid (m)
At night - constant lights on the left bank of green color on the right - red color
Floating navigation signs.
Lateral system for placing floating navigation marks
V - a system in which signs indicate the sides or axis of the course. It is used on rivers, reservoirs, canals, small lakes and on approaches to seaports.
It was found that the right bank is the bank of the inland waterway, located to the right of the observer facing downstream, and the left bank is to the left of the observer facing downstream.
On canals, lakes and reservoirs, the direction of the current is taken conditionally and is reported in navigation manuals and documents.
On the transit ship passages of reservoirs, the names of the sides (right and left) of the edge are usually set in the direction from the wedging zone to the dam, on lakes - taking into account the rivers flowing into and flowing out of them.
On approaches to ports, marinas and shelters, as well as on the ship's passages of rivers flowing into the reservoir, the name of the edges of the ship's passage is taken in the direction of the transit ship's passage.
Cardinal system for placing floating navigation marks
-
this is a system in which navigational hazards are fenced off relative to the cardinal points according to the compass. It is used on the seas, large lakes and in the sea mouths of large rivers.
Types of floating navigation signs of this system, their description, placement, purpose and characteristics of lights are set out in this chapter. (§8)"Aids to Navigation of the Seas".
In the waters of the northwestern part of Europe (on large lakes and at the mouths of large rivers), an international system of navigation equipment has been adopted to protect dangers - IALA system(Fig. 173).
With a cardinal arrangement of floating signs of the IALA system, the northern buoy and milestone are set to the north of the danger (southern - to S, eastern - to E, western - to W) and for safe passage they should be left to the south (southern - to N, eastern - to W, western - to E). The characteristics of the lights of these signs are as follows:
northern buoy - white fire with frequent flashing (50-60 flashes per minute);
south buoy - white intermittent flashing light with a subsequent long (at least 2 s) flash (6 frequent and 1 long flash, period 15 s);
east buoy- white intermittent light with frequent flashing (3 frequent flashes and a pause, period 10 s);
western buoy - fire white intermittent, often flashing (9 frequent flashes and a pause, period 15 s).
The tops of these buoys and milestones are equipped with top figures in the form of black triangles (holics), the location of which relative to each other on each sign is different and is indicated on figure 173.
Small hazards can be guarded by one buoy with a pole (Fig. 174) without displaying other cardinal signs.
These signs are placed directly above the guarded danger.
Axial system for placing floating navigation marks in sea areas - used to mark the starting points and axes of fairways (channels), as well as the middle of passages in areas dangerous for navigation (Fig. 175).
Lateral marking system in sea areas - used for fencing the sides of fairways (channels) and passages (Fig. 176).
Special Purpose Signs
-
used to mark anchorages and quarantines (Fig. 177).
|
Index, name and meaning of the sign (fire) |
Type of signal board |
Color, character and relative position of the lights |
|
Divergence and overtaking are prohibited! |
|
|
|
Divergence and overtaking of trains are prohibited! |
|
|
|
Don't drop anchors! Note: Signs set by the owners of facilities in agreement with the authorities regulating shipping. |
||
|
Don't create disturbance! Note: |
|
|
|
movement of small
floating
funds are prohibited! |
|
|
|
Traffic light |
|
|
|
2. Warning and instructional signs |
||
|
Speed limited! |
|
|
|
Attention! |
|
|
|
Crossing the ship's passage! Note: The signs are installed by the owners of the structures in agreement with the authorities regulating navigation. |
|
|
|
Respect the water clearance! |
|
|
|
3. Signs |
||
|
Place of turnover of ships |
|
|
|
Shipping Inspection Post Note: The signs are set by the owners of the post. |
|
|
|
stop Notes:
|
|
|
The minimum clearance height of the above-water crossing is a value equal to the difference between the values of the crossing height and the established margin, which is determined based on the conditions of the maximum sag of the wires and the maximum navigable water level.
Under-bridge shipping clearance - a rectangular outline of the space in the navigable span of the bridge within the navigation channel (in a section perpendicular to the axis of the navigation channel), free from protruding structural elements of the bridge and devices located on it, including navigational signs.
Notes.
1. The signs are installed by the owners of structures in agreement with the authorities regulating navigation.
2. On the bridge, signs are installed on a support or on a span, while it is allowed to use signs without lights. Dimension restriction signs (additional vertical safety markings) must comply with the requirements of the standard.
Raid signs
Raid indicator (raid sign) to indicate the border of the raid.
Notes.
1. It is allowed to install additional shields, where the arrow indicates the direction of the raid, and the numbers indicate the length of the raid (m).
2. On the roadsteads of non-public use, the signs are installed by the owners of the roadsteads in agreement with the authorities regulating navigation.
|
Color, character and arrangement of lights of raid signs |
||
|
Sign |
On the left coast |
On the right bank |
|
Front |
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Where the movement of ships occurs only during the day, milestones are placed instead of buoys and buoys. They can also be placed as control signs indicating the location of a buoy or buoy, in case the latter are demolished from their place.
Red buoys, buoys, milestones protect the dangers of the ship's course on its right side, that is, they adjoin the right bank, and white ones - on the left. Red buoys in the dark have a constant red light, and buoys have a flashing red light.
On white buoys and buoys, respectively, white lights are installed. In places of a large accumulation of extraneous lights, a white light on a white buoy or buoy may be replaced by a green one.
On red buoys, buoys, milestones during the day, to distinguish them in shape from white ones, a sign in the form of a black ball is displayed. Red trihedral pyramidal buoys can be replaced by spherical ones.
Rice. 19. Buoys: a - red; b - ball, c - coupled; g - dump
Two buoys or buoys standing side by side (“paired” buoys or buoys), red and white, indicate the bifurcation of the fairway into two ship passages. The same is indicated by a red buoy - a large buoy with a transverse white stripe.
In addition to the signs of the floating situation listed above, in those places of the river where the current is irregular, i.e., on the side where the stall current is directed, a barrel buoy having a cylindrical shape is placed outside the ship's passage.
At 5-10 m from it, at the edge of the ship's passage, an ordinary buoy or buoy of the color corresponding to the shore is installed. The dump buoy is painted white or red.
At night, a red or white flashing light is lit on it (depending on the coast where it is installed). The visibility of the lights on the signs of the floating situation should be: white at least 2, 2 km, color at least 1, 5 km.
3. Coastal signs of the situation.
Crossing signs (Fig. 20) are set up on the shore, in places where the fairway passes (crosses) from one coast to another, i.e., on passes. The sign is a pillar, in the upper part of which there is a square shield with a plane turned perpendicular to the axis of the fairway.
The pillars on the right bank are painted with stripes of white and red, the shield is red. The pillar on the left bank is painted with alternating white and black stripes, the shield is white.
At night, on the pillars of the right bank, a trihedral lantern with white side windows and red middle (traverse) glass rises above the shield; on the pillars of the left bank, the traverse glass is green, and the side windows are white.
Rice. 20. Signs indicating the direction of the fairway: a - pass sign, b - running sign; V- spring sign of the right bank; g - spring sign of the left bank; d- alignments
The alignments are placed on long and straight sections of the fairway, as a rule, at the points of transition of the ship's passage from one bank to another. Each target consists of two signs, which are placed on the shore in a straight line along the axis of the fairway. The front sign of the alignment is usually set in height below the second.
The use of the alignments is to bring the vessel to the line from which both marks are visible (one after the other). When the signs do not merge, they are said to be dissolved.
If the rear sign is visible to the right of the front sign, then the vessel has gone to the right of the leading line. Simple alignments consist of two separate signs such as crossing pillars, the pillars and shields of which are painted solid red if they are on the right bank, and white on the left.
In addition to simple alignment marks, there are three more types of alignments that are usually placed on very long straight sections of the fairway. Each of these signs, large in size, consists of trihedral, square or trapezoidal shields.
The plane of the shields on all leading signs is set perpendicular to the axis of the fairway. A stripe different from the color of the shield is painted along the vertical axis of the shield.
Often there are slotted gates, consisting of two front and one rear sign. The ship is in the signposted lane as long as the rear sign is visible between the forward ones.
On all types of alignments, regardless of the shore where they are installed, white lights are lit at night - one on each sign. In places of accumulation of extraneous lights, leading white lights on signs may be replaced by red ones, regardless of the shore. Instead of lights on leading signs, there may be gas-light tubes.
Navigation signs are installed on the bank along which the ship's passage passes. The sign consists of a pillar, in the upper part of which a diamond-shaped shield with a plane deployed parallel to the fairway is fixed. Pillars and shields of running signs are painted in the same way as pass signs.
At night, a red light is lit on the navigation signs on the right bank, and a white light on the left, and in cases where there are many lights, the white light on the left bank is replaced by green or flashing white.
Spring signs are installed on the high banks. They serve as reference points for navigators during the flood period. On the right bank, pillars with lattice round shields of red color are installed, on the left bank - pillars with lattice (trapezium-shaped) shields of white color.
Pillars can be painted the same color as the shields. At night, the spring signs are illuminated with red lights on the right bank and white lights on the left.
4. Way signs and signals.
Rice. 21. Signal mast on the left bank
Signal masts (Fig. 21) are usually installed above and below the rift to indicate the depth and width of the ship's passage on the rift. In addition to the signal match, to indicate the smallest depths in certain sections of the rivers, signal masts are placed.
The signal mast consists of a pole with a horizontal rail attached to its upper part, fixed parallel to the fairway. The rolling mast and yard are painted with alternating red and white transverse stripes.
The splash mast is painted with alternating black and white stripes. Above the yard on the shield are written numbers showing in kilometers the distance of the rift from the mouth of the river.
Rice. 22. Travel coastal signs: A- underwater crossing (cables, pipelines, etc.); b- sign of surface crossings of wires; V- signal sign; G- raid badge
The depth of the ship's passage is determined by signs at the end of the mast yard, facing upstream. These signs correspond to certain numerical values. So, each rectangular shield corresponds to 100 cm, big red ball below the shield - 20 cm each, small ball - 5 cm.
The width of the ship's passage is determined by the numerical value of the signs that rise at the lower (downstream) end of the mast yard and indicate: diamond-shaped sign - 50 m; big red ball - 20 m; small ball - 5 m every.
For example, if one rectangular shield, two red large balls and three small balls are raised at the upper end of the yard, this means that the depth at the rift is 155 cm(Fig. 21).
The upper depth symbol is a rectangular shield, the upper width symbol is a diamond-shaped symbol, the lower round small symbols are colored depending on the terrain background: black on a light background, and white on a dark one.
A cross-shaped sign raised at the upper (downstream) end of the yard means that the roll has been checked and the depth on it is more than guaranteed.
If the site has two ship passages, then on the shore, at a distance of ten meters from one another, two masts are installed. The upper one indicates the dimensions of the path of the right navigation channel, the lower one - the left one.
Rice. 23. semaphore masts
At night, the depth of the ship's passage on signal masts is indicated by flashes of lights: white flash - 100 cm, green - 20 cm, red - 5 cm.
Flashes are given at regular intervals (3-5 sec.).
A signal sign (Fig. 22) is installed on the bank in front of a narrowness, where it is difficult or forbidden to pass and overtake ships, usually in front of semaphores (traffic lights) on semaphore sections of the river.
The pillar of this sign is painted with black and white stripes in a spiral. A white disk with a diameter of 1, 2 is fixed on the top of the pillar m. The disk is inscribed in black letters "Signal".
At night, the sign has a constant or flashing green light visible from the side of the ship's passage. The vessel, when approaching the sign "Signal", gives one long whistle and reduces its speed.
If the narrowness is occupied by another vessel, the navigator stops the course of his ship and waits for the narrowness to be free. If, after giving a sound signal, no other sound signals are heard in the narrowness, the boatmaster is obliged to give two long whistles, warning that his vessel has entered the narrowness and follows it.
Semaphore signs and traffic lights (Fig. 23) are installed on those sections of the rivers where the movement of ships is regulated in one direction. Semaphore signs can also be installed instead of traffic lights near locks and floating bridges (for details on traffic lights, see clause 6 of this paragraph).
Semaphore signs consist of a high pole, at the upper end of which a yardarm is attached. Semaphore signs are painted white or red depending on the background of the area.
Signals hung out during daylight hours at the extremity - noke-rei signals indicate the following:
a) a cylinder at the top, and under it a red cone - it is allowed to pass ships downstream;
b) a cylinder below, and above it a red cone - it is allowed to pass ships up against the current;
c) two red cones hung vertically one above the other with sockets down at a distance of 1 m,- the navigable section is closed for the passage of ships in both directions. At night, instead of cylinders, green fire is lit on the semaphore mast, and red instead of cones.
The traffic light has two lights: red - prohibitive and green - permissive.
All vessels, when approaching semaphore signs and traffic lights, give one long sound signal and reduce their speed.
Air crossing signs are installed at places where high voltage wires, telephone and telegraph wires cross rivers, canals and reservoirs. Signs are placed on both banks above and below air crossings at a distance of 100 m.
Pillars of signs are painted with transverse red and white stripes. At the upper end of the column is attached a round disk with a diameter of 1, 2 m white with two red vertical stripes 10" wide cm each. With a river width of 100 m and less pillars may not be exhibited. Then the signs (discs) are installed on one of the transitional masts at a height of at least 4 m.
At night, the signs are illuminated by two horizontal yellow lights.
To avoid damage to overhead wires and ships, A also, to prevent accidents, masts are lowered on large ships, especially during floods. If there is a lot of slack in the wires, it is recommended to pass under them away from the center of the slack.
In the event of a break in the wires, the navigator is obliged to stop the vessel, draw up an appropriate act to report the break. The height between the mast and wires with high voltage current must be at least 2 m, a telephone and telegraph crossings - at least 1 m.
Signs of underwater crossings are installed in places where telegraph, electric cables and pipelines are laid along the bottom of the river. Signs have alignments on both banks at 100 m above and below the underwater passage.
On navigable channels, the sign of the underwater crossing is one signal pole on one of the banks in the alignment of the underwater crossing. The column is painted with alternating black and yellow stripes, a red disk with a diameter of 1, 2 is attached to its upper part. m with one horizontal white stripe 20 wide cm in the middle.
At night the signs are illuminated by two yellow lights placed vertically at a distance of 1 m one from the other.
It is prohibited to drop anchor in the area of underwater crossings, except for those cases when the ship is in danger of an accident. If the anchor is released, it can be selected only in the presence of a representative of this underwater crossing.
Raid signs are installed on the shores of port and pristan water areas, usually in roads where a large number of ships are waiting for loading or unloading. The road sign indicates the boundaries of the parking of ships of various types and purposes, as well as the boundaries of the road for the formation of trains.
The raid sign is a pillar painted with transverse black and white stripes, at the upper end of which a white triangular shield with the numbers 1, 2, etc. is attached.
The numbers indicate the number of ships that can be placed in the raid. In the presence of two signs, the shields are placed on the front pillar with the top up, on the back pillar - with the top down. At night, one green light is turned on on the raid signs.
Signal masts for signaling accidents with people are installed in crowded places (on beaches, hydroelectric buildings, etc.) and painted dark green.
In case of an accident, a red ball with a diameter of 1 m, at night - two horizontally located red lights. Boatmasters, having seen such signals, are obliged to take part in rescuing people, if necessary.
5. Signaling on bridges.
The spans of railway and highway bridges through which ships pass are divided into navigable spans for ships going upstream (against the current), downstream (downstream), and self-rafting.
Rice. 24. Signaling on railway and highway bridges: A- the situation of the navigable span from above; b - the situation of the navigable span from below; V - span setting for rafting; 1 - green lights; 2
- white lights to illuminate the bridge piers
Depending on this, navigation signaling is installed on the bridges, indicating the direction of the navigation, the width of the fairway in the ship spans of the bridges, the height of the bridge truss above the water in the navigation span (Fig. 24).
Diamond-shaped red shield at least 2 high m are installed on the bridge truss in the center of the fairway in the navigable span of the bridge, through which ships going downstream must pass.
On the farm, above the center of the span, where the upward movement (against the current) takes place, they put a square red shield with a height 2 m, a over the span, where ships and rafts go by self-rafting, - a round white shield with a diameter of at least 2 m.
At night, the shields turn on two converging red lights, one of which is in the center of the shield, and the second below it, on the lower edge of the bridge truss. On a white shield, two converging green lights are switched on one above the other.
In addition to these lights, on the piers of bridges that limit navigable spans and a span for rafting, vertical green lights are switched on at night: four lights, if the height of the lower edge of the truss above the water is more than 15 m, and three lights when the height of the bridge above the water is from 10 to 15 m and two lights each if this height is less than 10 m.
Green lights are installed on special green or white square boards, which simultaneously serve as an indicator of the dimensions of the passage under the bridge in the daytime.
If needed for 1 km above the guarded bridge by 200 m below put up bridge signal masts, painted red. The same signals are raised on the yards of the masts - as on a semaphore mast to allow or prohibit the passage of ships under the bridge.
Crossing and overtaking of vessels in the navigable span of bridges is strictly prohibited.
Motor boats and rowing boats must obtain permission to pass under the bridge from the bridge guard, for which they need to stop near the bridge signal mast.
On induced floating bridges, at least three white lights are installed every 50 m,
On floating bridges raised for the passage of ships, on the right side of the span, two red lights are raised at the lower and upper corners of the span, and on the left side, two white lights at the corners of the span.
On the part of the bridge withdrawn from the navigable span, from the side facing the ship's course, a fire is installed corresponding to the coast, and semaphore masts are installed in front of the bridge.
6. Navigation situation on artificial waterways - canals and reservoirs.
The navigation situation on artificial waterways (canals and reservoirs) is technically more perfect than on the river, and therefore, by its design, can appearance and lighting differ from the signs of the river situation (Fig. 25).
Signs of the navigation situation on canals and reservoirs include beacons, identification marks, navigation lights, alignments, etc.
Lighthouses are installed at the beginning of shipping channels and are usually high white brick (plastered) towers. The light source of the beacons is a lantern with a polished waist lens. Beacon lights differ in color (white and colored), nature, period of illumination.
Identification marks are installed at the entrance to the reservoir, canal and have the form of small white towers 4-5 meters high. m. The light on the towers is flashing: red on the right bank, green on the left. On the tower, from the side facing the channel, there is a two-meter gas-light tube. Its color matches the shore.
Rice. 25. Scheme of the situation of the reservoir and canal: 1
- aiming mark of a promising alignment; 2
- road lights; 3
- coastal signs; 4
- identification marks; 5, 8-signs of a slotted alignment; 6 - reservoir; 7 floating buoys; 9
-Gateway;
10
- traffic light
Track lights are installed on the curved sections of the canal and have a height of 1 m. Road signs are painted with aluminum paint and placed every 250 m in pairs on opposite banks of the canals, one against the other, on a berm, above the water's edge.
Inside the metal body of the sign there are two lamps, the upper lamp on the right bank shines with red fire, on the left - green. The lower lamp illuminates the slope and water edge with white light.
Triple gates consist of three signs and are installed on the banks of reservoirs. The place of entry to the triple alignment is indicated by waylights, buoys or identification marks. The rear sign of the triple alignment is considered to be the leading one. Triple gates are of various types.
Slotted triple doors are white wooden structures with a height of 13 m and more. At night, they are illuminated by red neon tubes on the front and side signs and green gaslight tubes on the rear leading sign. Luminous tube height 10 m.
Signs of a promising alignment are installed on long straight sections of canals on both banks. It has a round metal body with a height of 1 m, painted with aluminum paint.
The prospective alignment consists of several pairs of signs (at night - lights) of orange color, installed on different banks of the canal one against the other. A pair from a pair are located at a distance of 1 km. At night, the alignments are illuminated by double-sided lanterns with lens sets of a traffic light type.
Aiming signs of a promising alignment are installed at the end of the alignment on the banks of the canals in the places of their bends where the straight line ends. These signs help to choose the right direction of the vessel's movement.
The sign is a metal mast 12 m, on top of which a lantern with orange fire is lit at night. On the edge of the mast, facing the axis of the channel, a ten-meter neon tube glowing with red fire is vertically attached.
Traffic lights are installed on the approach to the locks at a distance of 400-600 m from the gateway head. They are mounted on metal masts and are called long-range traffic lights. In addition, there are traffic lights on the towers of the lock heads, near the lock gates (short-range traffic lights).
Signaling is carried out during the day in the same way as at night, with lights: green - allowing and red - prohibiting. Long-range traffic lights give ships a signal to approach the lock, to the wall and to the poles (in front of the camera) for mooring while waiting for the lock, but not to enter the lock chamber.
To enter the lock chamber and exit it, as well as to move from chamber to chamber when locking in two-chamber locks, an appropriate light signal is given by short-range traffic lights.
Ferry crossings and barrier and emergency gates are also equipped with traffic lights, where traffic lights are built into the parapet or are located on masts.
Due to the fact that the barrier and emergency gates significantly narrow the passage of the canal, on their concrete walls, in addition to traffic lights, white lights are placed in the form of ship's portholes.
By these signs, the navigator determines the direction of the ship's course.
These include: axial, slotted and edge sections; pass, running and spring signs; sign "Landmark"; path fire.
Axial target It consists of two signs (front and rear) indicating the axis of the ship's course on a straight section of the waterway. Sometimes this alignment is called linear.
The front sign is located below the rear. According to their form, the signs of the axial alignment can be of three types: rectangular (square) shields; trapezoidal shields; combined (lower shield trapezoidal, upper square).
The color of the shields is chosen depending on the background of the surrounding area. On a light background, red shields with a white or black vertical stripe in the middle are displayed, on a dark background - white shields with a black stripe. In cases where signs are displayed against the sky, they may be black with white stripes.
At night, a white or green steady light is lit on the front sign, and a white or green flashing light is on the rear sign.
When following the axis of the ship's passage, the navigator observes the combined leading strips of signs (during the day) and lights (at night), located on the same vertical. If the vessel deviates from the axis, the signs shift relative to each other or the conditional line connecting the lights slopes.
The gate is slotted. Indicates the direction and edges of the ship's passage. Consists of two front and one rear rectangular shields.
On a light background, red shields with white or black stripes are installed, on a dark background - white shields with black stripes, against the sky - black shields with white stripes.
The front lights are white constant, the rear lights are white flashing. On the left bank, the front signs may be equipped with green permanent lights, the rear - with green flashing lights, and on the right bank - front red permanent lights, rear - flashing red.
If the navigator observes the rear shield (fire) between the front ones, then the ship is on the ship's course, if the strip of one of the front shields coincides with the strip of the rear shield, then this means that the ship has reached the edge of the navigation channel.
Edge gate. Indicates the exact direction of the boundaries - the edges of the ship's passage.
The shields of the edge alignments are painted depending on the background of the terrain: on a dark background - in white, on a light background - in red.
Lights on the left edge - green, front constant, rear two-flash; on the right edge, the lights are red, the front is constant, the rear is two-stroke.
In fact, this alignment can be considered as two combined axial alignments, one of which shows the left edge of the ship's passage, and the other - the right.
As long as the navigator observes during the day the gap between the vertical edges of the shields of the front and rear signs (at night, the conditional line connecting the lights of these signs is inclined towards the channel), the vessel is in the leading zone.
Two positions of the vessel when orienting along the edge alignment:
a) the ship is on the left edge of the ship's passage, because the vertical faces of the front and rear signs are combined;
b) the ship is on the axis of the ship's course.
pass sign serves to designate a ship's passage and is installed in places where this passage changes direction from one coast to another. Unlike alignments, crossing signs are placed one at a time.
Crossing signs in form can be:
A pillar with two square shields attached to its top, indicating two directions of the ship's passage;
Rectangular vertical boards of the entire height of the sign, installed so that their front sides indicate the direction of the ship's passage;
The third type of pass sign is a structure of inclined trapezoidal shields tapering upwards with square shields on their tops.
On a light background, the shields are painted red, on a dark background - white. Vertical stripes on shields are not applied.
The signs of the left bank are equipped with a permanent green light, the right - with a permanent red. It is possible to equip signs on both banks with white flashing lights.
The number of crossing signs placed on the river section depends on the sinuosity of the ship's passage. On the passes, two signs are usually put up - according to the sign on the left and right banks. At the same time, if these signs are connected by a conditional straight line, then it will coincide with the axis of the ship's passage.
running sign. Serves to designate a ship's passage passing in close proximity to the coast.
The sign consists of a pillar and a diamond-shaped shield attached to its upper part. To increase the visibility range, the shield can be set to the full height of the sign.
Most often, this sign is located on clean (running) yards.
The color of the shield of the running sign of the right bank is red, the left bank is white.
The running signs of the left bank are equipped with green flashing lights of all-round visibility, the right bank with the same red lights.
spring sign It serves to mark flooded coasts and is displayed on flooded islands, ravines, capes to prevent the vessel from running aground.
On the left bank, the sign is a structure made of a pillar, on top of which a white trapezoid shield is fixed.
On the right bank is a shield of the spring sign of a round shape of red color.
The spring sign of the left bank is equipped with a permanent green light, the right bank - with a permanent red light -
Landmark sign " It is used to designate characteristic conspicuous places (cape, island, etc.) on rivers, reservoirs and lakes.
The sign has a rectangular or trapezoidal shape. Shields (oblique) on the left bank are painted with alternating stripes of horizontal black and white, and on the right bank - red and white.
The signs of the left bank are equipped with a green two-flashing light, and those of the right bank with a red two-flashing light. It is possible to use a white two-flash light on the signs of both banks.
track fire. It is installed on the slopes of the banks of shipping channels and serves to orient the navigators.
Track lights are placed on both sides of the canal in pairs (against each other), usually every 250 m. The sign, as a rule, is a one-meter arbitrary structure, painted with ball paint.
In the upper part of the sign at night on the left bank a constant green light is lit, on the right bank a red constant light is lit. These lights are directed along the canal. In addition, the sign may have a lower white light, which is covered by a visor from above and illuminates the slope of the canal and the water's edge.
identification mark Designed to mark the entrance to the canal from the side of the river, reservoir and lake. It is usually a tower of various designs.
Signs and lights on bridges. These signs indicate the spans for the passage of ships, raftsmen and small watercraft under the bridges from above and below, as well as the direction of the axis of the ship's passage and the height of the underbridge clearances. A visual view and characteristics of the signs and lights displayed on the bridges are presented
Navigable spans of bridges are marked by the following signs and lights located on trusses in the middle of these spans:
a) for ships sailing from below - a square shield, at night - two permanent red leading lights visible from the navigation side of the span;
b) for ships sailing from above - a diamond-shaped shield, at night - two permanent red leading lights visible from the navigation side of the span;
c) for rafts - round shield, at night - two permanent green leading lights;
d) for small boats - a triangular shield, top down, no lights are set at night. On a dark background, the signs are painted in white, on a light background - in red.
Bridge clearance height indicators are square boards (green on a light background or white on a dark background) located vertically one above the other on the bridge supports. At night, a green permanent fire burns in the center of each shield.
Lights on floating bridges
The floating bridge, when it is raised, for the passage of ships must have the following light signaling at night:
on the right downstream side of the span - two red permanent lights (on the downstream and upstream corners of the span);
on the left side of the span - two green permanent lights (on the lower and upper corners of the span);
on the allotted part of the bridge, at the end protruding into the river, a signal fire is installed from the core side, corresponding to the edge ones (red to the right bank, green to the left);
on the built bridge along its entire length, every 50 m, at a height of at least 2 m above the upper deck of the bridge, white lights are installed.
The regulation of the passage of ships through the divorced parts of the floating bridge is carried out using signals raised on the semaphore mast
lighthouses serve to orient navigators when navigating on some estuarine sections of large rivers, reservoirs, lakes, as well as the entrance to the canal.
They are towers of various designs and architecture. (Fig. 168).
At the top of the lighthouse there is equipment for giving light signals with a set characteristic and color of fire. Some beacons are equipped with hazy sound alarms, as well as radio equipment for transmitting radio signals at certain frequencies.
The description of the lighthouses is detailed in the corresponding sailing directions, and their exact coordinates (latitude and longitude) of location are plotted on navigation charts.
Arrangement schemes for navigation signs. In order to consolidate knowledge of navigational signs and acquire primary skills of navigating by them while sailing, it is useful for a novice navigator to learn how to read maps (diagrams) of sections of the route with navigational landmarks printed on them.
The simplest schemes for arranging the most common signs with an indication of the axis of the ship's passage, which is marked with a dotted line, are shown in Fig. 169-172.
Linear alignment is the most common alignment installed on waterways, and gives the exact position of the axis of the ship's course.
Slotted and edge doors are used mainly in areas where it is required to ensure increased reliability of the situation, improve the orientation of navigators when passing and overtaking, as well as in places where floating signs are often knocked off their regular places.
Crossing signs (1, 2, 3. 4, 5, 6) are usually installed on the deep banks of the reach and pass sections of rivers, as well as on waterways with unlit and reflective conditions.
Navigation signs (7,8) are installed with the calculation of ensuring the movement of ships from sign to sign, as well as between the crossing and crossing signs.
Spring signs are installed on capes protruding in the direction of the ship's course and crests of floodplain banks. On rice. 177 spring signs indicate dangerous flooded brows. Signs 1 and 3 are on the right bank. 2 and 4 - left.
Information signs.
The information signs displayed on the color tab (appendix) are divided into three groups.