Great Guardian (Evgeniy Bolkhovitinov, Metropolitan of Kiev and Galicia). Bolkhovitinov Evfimy Alekseevich (Metropolitan Evgeniy) Evgeniy, Metropolitan of Kiev

(December 18, 1767, Voronezh - February 23, 1837, Kyiv),
philologist, historian, bibliographer

Evfimy Alekseevich Bolkhovitinov was born on December 18, 1767 in Voronezh, in the family of a poor priest. He studied at the Voronezh and Moscow Theological Academy, while simultaneously attending the university. After graduating from the academy, he taught at the Voronezh Seminary (in 1788-1799). Even then, his main scientific interest was determined, he began to work on “Russian History,” but a lack of materials forced him to abandon this idea and switch to local history. And in the future, no matter where he had to serve, he never stood aloof from the most important events in the church, social and political life of his time, continuing his constant research activities.

In 1800, having lost his wife and three children, he left for St. Petersburg, where he was appointed prefect of the St. Petersburg Theological Academy and taught philosophy and eloquence, and lectured on theology and history. He took monastic vows and received the name Eugene and the title of archimandrite. In 1804 he was bishop of Old Russia, in 1808-1813. - Archbishop of Vologda, 1813-1816. - Archbishop of Kaluga.

From 1816 to 1822, Metropolitan Eugene was the archbishop of Pskov and all of Livonia and Courland. While here, he plunged into the study of the history and nature of the region, fell in love with the cozy Pskov churches, especially the Snetogorsky Monastery, which became her home.

Six years of stay in Pskov were marked by new research in the archives and libraries of monasteries. In 1821, he published 5 notebooks about some monasteries - Snetogorsk, Krypetsky, Svyatogorsk and others. A set of Pskov chronicles, lists of charters of Pskov, “Chronicle of the ancient Slavic-Russian princely city of Izborsk” and other materials were prepared. During the same period, the fundamental work “History of the Principality of Pskov” was created, which used data from the Livonian Chronicles, the Polish Armorial, and the archives of Konigsberg. He, like a drop of water, reflected his outstanding abilities: researcher, archaeographer, bibliographer. The work was completed in rough form by 1818, but was published only in 1831 in Kyiv.

Metropolitan Eugene’s works on the history of our region have not lost their value even now, as they contain a lot of factual material.

From the end of 1824, he was in St. Petersburg for more than a year, dealing with the affairs of church administration at the Holy Synod.

The last fifteen years of Metropolitan Eugene’s life were spent in Kyiv, where he died on February 23, 1837.

Evgeniy Bolkhovitinov, Metropolitan of Kiev and Galicia (in the world Euthymius), entered Russian history not only as a local historian, but also as an archaeologist, archaeographer, bibliographer, translator, bibliophile. By the end of his life, he was a full and honorary member of more than 20 Russian and foreign universities and scientific societies. Metropolitan Eugene is the author of more than one hundred published works, including studies, reference books and guides. The opening of St. Vladimir University in Kyiv and the Rumyantsev Museum in St. Petersburg are associated with his name. The future metropolitan spent a little less than half of his life in Voronezh.

Evfimy was born on December 18, 1767 in the family of a priest Elias Church Voronezh. In 1776, after the death of his father, his mother, who was left with three children, gave Euthymius to the choir of the Episcopal Choir of the Annunciation Cathedral. In 1777, Evfimy was enrolled in the Voronezh Theological Seminary. In the summer of 1785, Voronezh Bishop Tikhon (Malinin) granted the request young man about transferring him to Moscow for training. Bishop Tikhon sent Euthymius with a letter of recommendation to the rector of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy Plato (Levshin), Archbishop of Moscow. Evfimy was enrolled as a student at the academy, which he graduated from in 1788. At the Academy, Bolkhovitinov took a full course in philosophy and theology, mastered Greek, French and German. At the same time, he attended lectures at Moscow University, where, in particular, he joined the literary circle of Nikolai Novikov. In Moscow, he also met the archivist and archaeographer Nikolai Bantysh-Kamensky, who largely influenced the formation of the scientific interests of the future bishop.

Returning to Voronezh, in January 1789, Evfimy took the position of teacher at the Voronezh Seminary. At various times he taught courses in rhetoric, French, Greek and Roman antiquities, philosophy, theology, church history, hermeneutics. And in 1790 he was appointed prefect of the seminary and head of the seminary library, in order to replenish it he repeatedly traveled to Moscow. In 1791, the petition submitted by him and his brother Alexei to include the Bolkhovitinovs in the nobility was granted.

In 1793, Bolkhovitinov married the daughter of a Lipetsk merchant, Anna Rastorgueva, but the marriage lasted only four years, two sons and one daughter died in infancy. On March 25, 1796, Evfimy Bolkhovitinov was ordained to the priesthood and appointed archpriest of the Spaso-Preobrazhensky Monastery in the city of Pavlovsk, Voronezh province, leaving him at the seminary in his previous positions, and at the same time determined to be present in the Voronezh consistory. Euthymy tried to fill the bitterness of the loss of loved ones with mental work. Over the course of several years, a circle of like-minded people from the local intelligentsia formed around the young scientist. Thanks to their efforts, on May 14, 1798, the first printing house was opened in Voronezh.

In 1799, Evfimy moved to St. Petersburg, where on March 9, 1800 he became a monk with the name Eugene. Ambrose (Podobedov), Metropolitan of St. Petersburg, invited him to the capital on the recommendation of Bantysh-Kamensky to the post of prefect, teacher of philosophy and higher eloquence of the St. Petersburg Theological Academy. Soon Eugene was elevated to the rank of archimandrite and appointed rector of the Holy Trinity Zelenetsky Monastery. Metropolitan Ambrose noted and appreciated the knowledge of the new prefect and did not make a mistake in him, entrusting him with serious and responsible tasks, which the young archimandrite handled brilliantly.

On September 15, 1801, Eugene took part in the coronation of Emperor Alexander I in Moscow and was awarded the Diamond Pectoral Cross. On January 27, 1802, he was appointed archimandrite of the St. Petersburg Trinity-Sergius Hermitage. In January 1804, Eugene was elevated to the rank of Bishop of Starorussky, vicar of the Novgorod diocese. Evgeniy became one of the authors of the reform of the system of theological education carried out in Russia in 1808 - 1814. He advocated reducing the volume of Latin study and emphasized the need to give spiritual education a more scientific character. For his work, Evgeniy was awarded the Order of Anna, 1st degree. Living for some time in the Varlaamo-Khutyn monastery, Evgeniy became friends with the famous poet Gabriel Derzhavin, the latter dedicated several works to the bishop.

Over the years, Evgeniy headed the episcopal sees in Vologda (1808 - 1813), Kaluga (1813 - 1816) and Pskov (1816 - 1822). In March 1822, he was elevated to the rank of metropolitan and transferred to Kyiv, becoming a member of the Holy Synod. Alexander I wrote to Eugene: “I will be especially pleased to see the once famous Kyiv Academy... under your leadership, achieve the goal intended for it.” The Emperor awarded Metropolitan of Kyiv white hood with a diamond cross. A noteworthy episode is connected with the meeting of the new bishop by the Kyiv clergy. Eugene was given a royal gilded carriage. The Metropolitan "received with displeasure such a sign of respectful courtesy and demanded another carriage to depart for the St. Sophia Cathedral." In everyday life, Metropolitan Eugene was also unpretentious. No luxury in food or clothing. His day started early. After listening to the liturgy, he proceeded to attend to the affairs of the diocese, then received visitors. There was a lot of gentleness and sincerity in his character. Always accessible, frank, charitable, fair.

Under Metropolitan Eugene, a new three-story building of the Kyiv Theological Academy was erected. He continued to engage in scientific activities; it was in Kyiv that his cultural and educational activities reached their apogee. Metropolitan Eugene organized restoration work in the Kiev Pechersk Lavra and other monasteries.

In the 1930s, he initiated the first systematic archaeological excavations in Kyiv. Thanks to them, the foundations of the Tithe Church and the Golden Gate were discovered. In 1834, Eugene blessed the opening of Kyiv University. The first rector of the university, Mikhail Maksimovich, considered him a major scientist and publisher who left behind “a lot of factual material not only on church history, but also on Russian literature.” The result of the study of Kyiv antiquities was the publication “Description of the Kiev-Sophia Cathedral and the Kyiv Hierarchy” and “Description of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra”. By the end of his life, Evgeniy Bolkhovitinov had collected about 12 thousand different titles of manuscripts and publications, or 8.5 thousand volumes.

Metropolitan Eugene was a full member of the Imperial Russian Academy, a member of the Society for the History of Russian Antiquities, an honorary member of the Academy of Sciences and all Russian universities, not counting numerous scientific societies.

Some local historians believe that Eugene was almost like-minded with the French enlighteners and the first Russian revolutionary Alexander Radishchev, but several completely unambiguous evidence has been preserved about his attitude to the postulates of the philosophy of the French encyclopedists, popular in his time. Recognizing that “the church fathers were not our teachers in physics,” Eugene was an ardent opponent of freethinking and did not recognize such writers as Voltaire and Montesquieu. In 1793, in the preface to the translation of Abbé Nonot’s book “Voltaire’s Delusions,” published on his initiative and under his editorship, he wrote: “In secret ways, all of his (Voltaire’s - A.G.) infection spreads everywhere. For the written Voltaire becomes has already been known for as long as the printed one." However, the publication of the translation caused difficulties. Censorship excluded the list from publication religious beliefs Voltaire, which Nonot was supposed to refute. “Bolkhovitinov felt that the plan associated with the publication of Voltaire’s Delusions was being destroyed,” wrote academician Nikolai Tikhonravov. “With Nonot’s book, he thought to paralyze the influence of those works of Voltaire that touched upon open religion and bypassed readers in manuscripts; but it was Nonot’s chapters about Voltaire's dogmatic errors in matters of faith were not allowed to be published."

“Our simple-minded, uneducated compatriot,” wrote Evgeniy Bolkhovitinov himself, “hearing everywhere the glory of Voltaire and his caustic ridicule of everything sacred and revered, is at first moved by pious horror and indignation; but can he then protect his heart from infection with these feelings alone, when he is not confirmed in solid truths and when almost everywhere he hears only loud freethinkers’ praise of Voltaire, but does not see the exposure of lies and slander him.” In 1810, Eugene spoke critically of Montesquieu’s book “The Spirit of Laws” published in Russian translation. The Metropolitan noted that the thoughts expressed in the essay “let them remain in the charm of the revolutionary heads, from which may the Lord God deliver our fatherland. And so many almost different revolutions are already being started in our country every day.” Evgeniy also spoke disapprovingly of the book “Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow.”

There is evidence of Metropolitan Eugene’s critical attitude towards the Zion Messenger magazine published by the famous freemason Alexander Labzin. Evgeniy, having analyzed its contents, came to the conclusion that this “method of reasoning is mystical-Masonic.” Referring to specific pages in the Zion Messenger, he argued how such reasoning contradicts Orthodox doctrine.

That is, Metropolitan Eugene can be confidently classified as a church guardian who stood for the purity of the dogmas of Orthodox doctrine, the dominant position of the Russian Orthodox Church in the Russian Empire and did not share the ideology that undermined the monarchical system.

Metropolitan Eugene was among the bishops dissatisfied with the activities of the Bible Society, opened in 1813, which distributed non-Orthodox literature, and the Minister of Spiritual Affairs, Prince Alexander Golitsyn, the patron of numerous Masonic lodges and Protestant mystics. Evgeniy, in turn, did not enjoy the favor of Prince Golitsyn, who called the Metropolitan a “not spiritual” person (that is, not sympathetic to non-Orthodox mysticism and Freemasonry). In general, in the 20s of the 19th century, resistance to the policies of Prince Golitsyn was provided by the conservative Orthodox party, the most prominent representatives of which were Archimandrite Photius (Spassky), Metropolitan of St. Petersburg Seraphim (Glagolevsky), Alexei Arakcheev and others.

After Golitsyn's resignation in December 1824, Metropolitan Seraphim wrote to Alexander I about the reasons for the need to close the Bible Society. At the end of the letter, he emphasized: “To establish theological schools on the solid and unshakable foundation of Orthodoxy and to take, together with me, the necessary measures to stop the spread of new heresies among the people (should. - A.G.) call here for a while the Kiev Metropolitan Eugene, as a man renowned for his orthodoxy, learning and good intentions." Archimandrite Photius wrote in his autobiography: “Eugene Metropolitan gave great hope to those who were zealous for his learning, faith and rank.” As a result, thanks to the petition of Orthodox conservatives, on December 19, 1824, the emperor signed a decree by which Metropolitan Evgeniy (Bolkhovitinov) was summoned to St. Petersburg to attend the Synod. The Bible Society was closed by Nicholas I on April 12, 1826 on the proposal of Metropolitans Seraphim and Eugene.

On December 14, 1825, Metropolitan Eugene and Metropolitan Seraphim (Glagolevsky) of St. Petersburg addressed the rebel troops on Senate Square with a call to lay down their arms. Despite the warning of eyewitnesses about the mortal danger, both hierarchs, according to the testimony of the subdeacon accompanying them, “after talking among themselves, decided to die for the faith, the fatherland and the king.” Despite the fact that the admonitions of Metropolitans Seraphim and Eugene remained unanswered, Nicholas I awarded them panagias, since they were putting their lives at risk. Subsequently, Metropolitan Eugene was appointed a member of the special council for the affairs of the Decembrists.

Metropolitan Eugene died on February 23, 1837 and, according to his will, was buried in the Sretensky chapel of the Kyiv St. Sophia Cathedral. A delegation from the Voronezh Theological Seminary arrived in Kyiv for the Metropolitan’s funeral. Metropolitan Eugene's library was bequeathed to the St. Sophia Cathedral, Consistory, Kyiv Theological Seminary and Academy.

Alla GLAZEVA
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EUGENE (in the world Bolkhovitinov Evfimy Alekseevich), Metropolitan of Kiev and Galicia (1822-37), church and public figure, historian, archaeographer, writer, translator; member of the Russian Academy (1806), honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1826).

Son of a priest. He studied at the Voronezh Theological Seminary (1778-84), the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy, and simultaneously attended lectures at Moscow University (1784-88). After completing his studies, he returned to Voronezh (1789), became a teacher, librarian, and then rector of the Voronezh Theological Seminary; since 1796 cathedral archpriest in Pavlovsk. In 1799 he moved to St. Petersburg, where he became a monk and became a teacher of rhetoric and philosophy, as well as prefect of the Alexander Nevsky Theological Academy (1800-03). In 1804 he was elevated to the rank of bishop and appointed vicar of Novgorod (1804), then bishop of Vologda (1808) and Kaluga (1813), archbishop of Pskov, Livonia and Courland (1816-1822), metropolitan of Kiev and Galicia (1822); member of the Synod. During the uprising on December 14, 1825, he called on the “rebels” to submit, and then took part in the trial of the Decembrists.

During his apprenticeship in Moscow, he became close to the circle of N.I. Novikov, under whose influence he began his literary activity: he translated mainly French authors (Fenelon, L. Coclet), and wrote poetry. Published a translation of C. F. Nonnot's book “Voltaire's Delusions” (parts 1-2, 1793), adding to the publication “A Brief Historical Account of Voltaire and His Most Notable Works,” as well as a prose translation of A. Pope’s poem “An Essay on Man” ( 1806). Eugene’s fame was brought to him by the “Dictionary of Russian Writers” (published in its entirety only in 1845). The directory contained articles about the life and work of about 720 secular and spiritual authors, including many banned writers (N. I. Novikov, A. N. Radishchev, etc.). Evgeniy spoke critically about modern literature, including the works of N. I. Gnedich and V. A. Zhukovsky. He characterized A. S. Pushkin as “a good poet, but a bad son, relative and citizen.” He treated N.M. Karamzin with high respect, had friendly relations with G. R. Derzhavin.

Evgeniy is the author of the first scientific study on ancient Russian music, “Historical discussion in general about ancient Christian liturgical singing and especially about the singing of the Russian church, with the necessary notes on it...” (1799). Corresponding with G.R. Derzhavin, he noted the rhythmic originality of Russian folk songs (especially drawn-out ones) in comparison with European timed music, and in connection with this he critically assessed their music publications of the 18th century. He was the first biographer of the composer M. S. Berezovsky.

In St. Petersburg, Evgeniy became close to N.P. Rumyantsev and was an active participant in his circle. He led excavations in Kyiv, compiled a description of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra and the ancient monasteries of Pskov; was the author of works on the history of the church (“Historical research on the cathedrals Russian Church”, 1803), national culture (“On Slavic-Russian printing houses”, 1813), the Russian state (“History of the Principality of Pskov”, parts 1-4, 1831); wrote theological works; known for his work in the field of source studies, archeography and paleography. He organized a circle of young commoners who were interested in politics, history, literature and theater. He was buried in the Sretensky chapel of St. Sophia Cathedral.

Lit.: Ponomarev S. Materials for the biography of Metropolitan Eugene. K., 1867; Ivanovsky A.D. Metropolitan of Kiev and Galicia Evgeniy (Bolkhovitinov). St. Petersburg, 1872; Shmurlo E. Metropolitan Evgeniy as a scientist. St. Petersburg, 1888; Poletaev N.I. Works of Metropolitan of Kyiv Evgeniy Bolkhovitinov on the history of the Russian church. Kazan, 1889; Karpov S. M. Evgeniy Bolkhovitinov as Metropolitan of Kiev. K., 1914; Kononko E. N. Bolkhovitinov E. A. // Dictionary of Russian writers of the 18th century. L., 1988. Issue. 1, Zorin A. L. Evgeniy//Russian writers. 1800-1917. M., 1992. T. 2; Shansky D.N. Bolkhovitinov E.A. // Domestic history: Encyclopedia. M., 1994. T. 1.

L. A. Olshevskaya, S. N. Travnikov.

Evfimy Alekseevich Bolkhovitinov was born on December 18, 1767 in Voronezh into the family of a poor priest. He studied at the Voronezh and Moscow Theological Academies, while simultaneously attending the university. After graduating from the academy, he taught at the Voronezh Seminary (in 1788-1799). Even then, his main scientific interest was determined; he began working on “Russian History,” but a lack of materials forced him to abandon this idea and switch to local history. And in the future, no matter where he had to serve, he never stood aloof from the most important events in the church, social and political life of his time, continuing his constant research activities.

In 1800, having lost his wife and three children, he left for St. Petersburg, where he was appointed prefect of the St. Petersburg Theological Academy and taught philosophy and eloquence, and lectured on theology and history. He took monastic vows and received the name Eugene and the title of archimandrite. In 1804 he was bishop of Old Russia, in 1808-1813. - Archbishop of Vologda, 1813-1816. - Archbishop of Kaluga.

From 1816 to 1822, Metropolitan Eugene was the archbishop of Pskov and all of Livonia and Courland. While here, he plunged into the study of the history and nature of the region, fell in love with the cozy Pskov churches, especially the Snetogorsky Monastery, which became his home. Six years of stay in Pskov were marked by new research in the archives and libraries of monasteries. In 1821, he published 5 notebooks about some monasteries - Snetogorsk, Krypetsky, Svyatogorsk and others. A set of Pskov chronicles, lists of charters of Pskov, “Chronicle of the ancient Slavic-Russian princely city of Izborsk” and other materials were prepared. During the same period, the fundamental work “History of the Principality of Pskov” was created, which used data from the Livonia Chronicles, the Polish Armorial, and the archives of Konigsberg. It reflected his outstanding abilities: researcher, archaeographer, bibliographer. The work was completed in rough form by 1818, but was published only in 1831 in Kyiv.

Metropolitan Eugene’s works on the history of our region have not lost their value even now, as they contain a lot of factual material.

From the end of 1824, he was in St. Petersburg for more than a year, dealing with the affairs of church administration at the Holy Synod.

The last fifteen years of Metropolitan Eugene’s life were spent in Kyiv, where he died on February 23, 1837.

WORKS OF E. A. BOLKHOVITINOV:

1. The opinion of Metropolitan Evgeniy (Bolkhovitinov) about Russian dialects, set out in a private letter to Rev. to Academician P. I. Keppen (October 1, 1820) [Electronic resource] / E. A. Bolkhovitinov; reported by P. K. Simoni. - 4 s.
2. ; [Description of the monasteries of St. John the Theologian Krypetsky and... Snetogorsky...; Description of St. John the Baptist Monastery of Pskov; Description of the Svyatogorsk Assumption Monastery; Description of the Annunciation Nikandrova Hermitage]. - Dorpat: Printing house of I. Kh. Shinman, 1821. - 60, p.
3. Historical dictionary about writers of the clergy of the Greek-Russian Church who were in Russia. T. 1. - Ed. 2nd, rev. and multiplied. - St. Petersburg: In the printing house of Ivan Glazunov and his dependents, 1827. -, 343, p.
4. [Electronic resource] . Part one: containing the general history of this principality and the city of Pskov / E. A. Bolkhovitinov. - Kyiv: In the printing house Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, 1831. - 321 p.
5. History of the Principality of Pskov with the addition of a plan for the city of Pskov [Electronic resource]. Part two: About the Pskov princes, posadniks, thousand, governors general, governors and provincial nobility leaders with the addition of various charters relating to the history of Pskov / E. A. Bolkhovitinov. - Kyiv: In the printing house of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, 1831. - 144 p.
6. History of the Principality of Pskov with the addition of a plan for the city of Pskov [Electronic resource]. Parts three and four / E. A. Bolkhovitinov. - Kyiv: In the printing house of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, 1831. - 177, 208 pp.
7. Description of the Pskov-Pechersky first-class monastery / op. E. Bolkhovitinova. - Dorpat: Printing house I.Kh. Shinmana, 1832. - 63 p.
8. Description of the Svyatogorsk Assumption Monastery. - [Dorpat: b. i., 18--]. - 9 s.
9. Abridged Pskov Chronicle, selected from various Russian and foreign chronicles and especially from Pskov [Electronic resource] / E. A. Bolkhovitinov. - Pskov: Otchina, 1993. - 87 p. : portrait
10. Description of the Annunciation Nikandrova Hermitage. - Pskov: [b. i., 2005]. - 30 s.
11. History of the Principality of Pskov / Metropolitan Evgeniy (Bolkhovitinov). - Reprint. / prepared by: N. F. Levin and T. V. Kruglova. - Pskov: Pskov Regional Printing House, 2009. - 412, p., l. portrait : ill. + 1 l. tab., 1 l. kart. - (Pskov Historical Library). - ISBN 978-5-94542-244-5.

LITERATURE ABOUT HIM:

1. Egorova, T.V. Metropolitan Evgeniy (Bolkhovitinov) and Pskov / T.V. Egorova // Pskov land, ancient and modern: abstract. report to scientific-practical conf. - Pskov, 1994. - P. 69-72.
2. Lagunin, I. I. Krypetsky St. John the Theologian Monastery. 500 years of history. Chapter III Before closing (XIX - I quarter of XX centuries). From Bishop Evgeniy (Bolkhovitinov) to Hieromonk Savvatiy / I. I. Lagunin // Pskov. – 2002. – No. 16. – P. 31-44; 2002. - No. 17. – 63-76; 2004. - No. 20. - P. 43-56. - Bibliography in note
3. Kazakova, L. A. Evfimiy Alekseevich Bolkhovitinov / L. A. Kazakova // Pskov region in literature. - Pskov, 2003. - P. 118-120.
4. Mednikov, M. M. Researchers of the Pskov land: [Metropolitan Evgeniy (E. A. Bolkhovitinov)] / M. M. Mednikov // Materials of the X scientific-practical conference of students of the Pskov region “Step into the future”. - Pskov, 2005. - P. 9-11.
5. Levin, N. F. Pre-revolutionary Pskov local historians and their publications / N. F. Levin // Temples and monasteries of provincial Pskov: collection. pre-rev. publ. / comp. and ed. entry Art. N. F. Levin. - Pskov, 2005. - P. 5-21.
6. Levin, N. F. About the composition of the collection and the authors of publications: [Evfimy Alekseevich Bolkhovitinov (1767-1837) and his works on the study of the Pskov region] / N. F. Levin // Shrines and antiquities of the Pskov district according to pre-revolutionary sources / comp., auto entry N.F. Levin. - Pskov, 2006. - P. 10-11, 13, 16-17: from the portrait.
7. Bobrovskaya, N. “And I’m calmer and happier in Pskov than I was anywhere before”: walks around the city with... Tatyana Mednikova / N. Bobrovskaya // Time - Pskov (Pskov). - 2008. - January 1 - P. 5.
   To the 240th anniversary of the birth of Metropolitan Evgeniy (Bolkhovitinov); the scientific secretary of the museum-reserve T. V. Mednikova talks about the Pskov period of his life and research into the history of Pskov, photo.