Presentation on the topic of religion of ancient Rome. The culture of ancient Rome, presentation for a lesson on the topic

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3. The first Christians in Rome 4. The spread of Christianity 2. The Gospel - the holy book about the life of Jesus Christ 1. Religious beliefs in Ancient Rome

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Ancient Greece Ancient Egypt Mesopotamia In most countries ancient world existed pagan religion. What beliefs did these ancient peoples of the world have? What unites these religions?

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Goddess of love and beauty Ancient Greek gods Ancient Roman gods God of sky, thunder and lightning God - patron of the arts Many religious beliefs in gods the Romans borrowed from Greek mythology. Prove it. Apollo Jupiter Venus Zeus Aphrodite Apollo

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In Rome there were gods that were worshiped by all residents, and family deities that were prayed to at home, at the family altar. Vesta, the goddess of sacred fire, who also guarded the family hearth, was especially revered. The household deities were Lares, Geniuses and Penates. Vesta Ancient Roman statue Lara figurine Home lararium, where images of family deities were kept. The genius of the family is depicted in the center, and the Lares are depicted at the edges.

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The Romans also believed in gods who existed among different nations in the provinces. They brought religion under state control. The positions of pontiffs were introduced - priests who monitored the correct performance of religious rites. All other priests were subordinate to the Supreme Pontiff. Statue of Augustus in the attire of the Great Pontiff with a toga draped over his head Rome Emperors began to occupy this position after Gaius Julius Caesar. Which of them do you know?

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The Pantheon is a temple dedicated to all the gods. Rome. II century n. e. But the diversity of pagan beliefs did not allow all the peoples of the empire to unite on the basis of a single religion. Rome was destined to become the center of a new religion in which people worshiped one god. This religion came from the East.

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Ancient Judea II millennium BC. e. Remember which people already believed in one god? When did such faith appear among the Jews? In which holy book set forth the divine commandments of the Jewish people? Moses

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Prove that the commandments of the Jewish people called for the moral improvement of man.

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Jesus of Nazareth became the preacher of the new religion. Bethlehem is the place where, according to the Gospel tradition, Jesus Christ was born. Nativity of Jesus Christ Engraving by G. Dore. 1856

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The life of Jesus Christ is described in the Gospel, which is translated from Greek as “good news.” Jesus Christ Maikov N., XIX century.

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The Birth of Jesus Christ The Adoration of the Shepherds Murillo B. E. (Spanish artist), 17th century.

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Christ in the wilderness Kramskoy I.N., 1872 Jesus Christ grew up. His destiny was revealed - to be a preacher of goodness, love for people. According to the Gospel tradition, Jesus was endowed with a special gift that allowed him to perform miracles.

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The Acts of Jesus Christ The Resurrection of Jairus's Daughter Polenov V.D., 1871 The Resurrection of Jairus's Daughter

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Acts of Jesus Christ Miraculous multiplication of loaves Nesterenko V., 2001 Multiplication of loaves

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The fame of Jesus Christ as a man who helped poor people and alleviated their suffering spread among the people. Jesus and his twelve disciples (apostles) in different cities addressed the people, urging them to take care of their souls by doing good deeds. Most known to people became his Sermon on the Mount. Sermon on the Mount Engraving by G. Dore. 1856

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Sermon on the Mount According to the Gospel, in the Sermon on the Mount, Jesus Christ said: Give to those who ask you, and do not turn away from those who want to borrow from you. Ask, and it shall be given you; seek and you will find; knock and it will be opened to you. Judge not lest ye be judged. ...As you want people to do to you, do so to them.

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Judge not lest ye be judged. Ask, and it shall be given you; seek and you will find. And so in everything, as you want people to do to you, so do you to them. Give to the one who asks from you, and do not turn away from the one who wants to borrow from you. Sermon of Jesus Christ Lebedev K.V., XIX century How do you understand the words of the Sermon on the Mount of Jesus Christ? Why did the teachings of Jesus Christ resonate in the souls of people, and did he gain many followers?

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“Jesus lived at that time... He did extraordinary things and was a teacher of people who joyfully accepted the truth. Many Jews followed him. He was the Christ (Savior).” Josephus Flavius Events in Ancient Judea were reflected in the books of historians. Josephus, an ancient historian, wrote: Why does Josephus consider Jesus to be a teacher?

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last supper Fresco. Leonardo da Vinci. 1495–1497 The teachings of Jesus Christ had supporters and opponents who wanted the preacher to die. Christ was betrayed by one of his disciples, Judas. Jesus was captured in Jerusalem by Roman guards and sentenced to death.

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3. The first Christians in Rome 4. The spread of Christianity 2. The Gospel - the holy book about the life of Jesus Christ 1. Religious beliefs in Ancient Rome

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1.Religious beliefs in Ancient Rome

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Ancient Greece Ancient Egypt Mesopotamia Most countries of the ancient world had a pagan religion. What beliefs did these ancient peoples of the world have? What unites these religions?

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Goddess of love and beauty Ancient Greek gods Ancient Roman gods God of sky, thunder and lightning God is the patron of the arts The Romans borrowed many religious beliefs in gods from Greek mythology. Prove it. Apollo Jupiter Venus Zeus Aphrodite Apollo

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In Rome there were gods who were worshiped by all residents, and family deities who were prayed to at home, at the family altar. Vesta, the goddess of sacred fire, who also guarded the family hearth, was especially revered. The household deities were Lares, Geniuses and Penates. Vesta Ancient Roman statue Lara figurine Home lararium, where images of family deities were kept. The genius of the family is depicted in the center, and the Lares are depicted at the edges.

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The Romans also believed in gods that existed among different peoples in the provinces. They brought religion under state control. The positions of pontiffs were introduced - priests who monitored the correct performance of religious rites. All other priests were subordinate to the Supreme Pontiff. Statue of Augustus in the attire of the Great Pontiff with a toga draped over his head Rome Emperors began to occupy this position after Gaius Julius Caesar. Which of them do you know?

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Ancient Judea II millennium BC. e. Remember which people already believed in one god? When did such faith appear among the Jews? Which holy book contains the divine commandments of the Jewish people? Moses

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Prove that the commandments of the Jewish people called for the moral improvement of man. Honor father and mother. Do not steal or covet someone else's property. Don't lie. Don't kill.

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Jesus of Nazareth became the preacher of the new religion. Bethlehem is the place where, according to the Gospel tradition, Jesus Christ was born. Nativity of Jesus Christ Engraving by G. Dore. 1856

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The life of Jesus Christ is described in the Gospel, which is translated from Greek as “good news.” Jesus Christ Maikov N., XIX century.

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2. The Gospel is a sacred book about the life of Jesus Christ

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The Birth of Jesus Christ The Adoration of the Shepherds Murillo B. E. (Spanish artist), 17th century.

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Flight to Egypt Murillo B. E. (Spanish artist), 17th century. Flight to Egypt

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The Acts of Jesus Christ The Resurrection of Jairus's Daughter Polenov V.D., 1871 The Resurrection of Jairus's Daughter

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Acts of Jesus Christ Miraculous multiplication of loaves Nesterenko V., 2001 Multiplication of loaves

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The fame of Jesus Christ as a man who helped poor people and alleviated their suffering spread among the people. Jesus and his twelve disciples (apostles) in different cities addressed the people, urging them to take care of their souls by doing good deeds. The most famous to people was his Sermon on the Mount. Sermon on the Mount Engraving by G. Dore. 1856

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Last Supper Fresco. Leonardo da Vinci. 1495–1497 The teachings of Jesus Christ had supporters and opponents who wanted the preacher to die. Christ was betrayed by one of his disciples, Judas. Jesus was captured in Jerusalem by Roman guards and sentenced to death.

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Calvary Munkacsi M. (Hungarian artist), 1884 Death of Jesus Christ

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3. The first Christians in Rome

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The Resurrection of Jesus Christ According to the Gospel, Jesus Christ rose from the dead and ascended to heaven. Christ the Risen Bryullov K.P., 1840 Apostles Peter and Paul El Greco, 1614 But the teachings of Christ continued to be brought to people by his disciples, and it spread throughout the world.

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4. Spread of Christianity

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Constantine the Great Ancient Roman sculpture Gradually, the ideas of Christ took possession of the minds and hearts of a significant part of the Romans. Christian faith statesmen in power began to accept. Emperor Constantine adopted Christianity as official religion. Christians appeared in the Roman provinces. Why do you think Christianity spread? 313 - Constantine's decree on religious tolerance towards Christians

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The first symbols of Christianity with the letters I.H. are Jesus Christ. Christianity is the belief in one God. The Christian faith is based on the teachings of Jesus Christ. In this teaching main idea is the moral perfection of man. Why did Christianity spread? What is the main difference between Christianity and paganism? Fish is one of the most common symbols in ancient times that personified Christ.

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2 Spreading the Faith

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1. THE FIRST CHRISTIANS.

After the death of Christ, first in Palestine and then in other Roman provinces, his followers appeared, calling themselves CHRISTIANS.

The first Christians were poor and slaves

Why do you think?

"Wailing Wall" in Jerusalem.

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In room 1 c. Christianity began to spread among other peoples.

What attracted them to the new religion?

The Roman authorities began to persecute the first Christians and they were forced to secretly gather in cata-combs and quarries.

They chose priests and read the Gospel aloud.

Catacombs in the Roman suburbs.

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Ancient Greece
Ancient Egypt
Mesopotamia

In most countries of the ancient world there was a pagan religion.

What beliefs did these ancient peoples of the world have?

What unites these religions?

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Goddess of love and beauty
Ancient Greek gods
Ancient Roman gods
God of the sky, thunder and lightning
God is the patron of the arts

The Romans borrowed many of their religious beliefs about gods from Greek mythology. Prove it.

Apollo
Jupiter
Venus
Aphrodite
Apollo

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In Rome there were gods who were worshiped by all residents, and family deities who were prayed to at home, at the family altar.

Vesta, the goddess of sacred fire, who also guarded the family hearth, was especially revered.

The household deities were Lares, Geniuses and Penates.
Vesta
Ancient Roman statue
Lara figurine
A home chest where images of family deities were kept.
The genius of the family is depicted in the center, and the Lares are depicted at the edges.

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Ancient Judea II millennium BC. e.

Remember which people already believed in one god?
When did such faith appear among the Jews?
Which holy book contains the divine commandments of the Jewish people?

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Resurrection of Jesus Christ

According to the Gospel, Jesus Christ rose from the dead and ascended to heaven.

Christ the Risen Bryullov K. P., 1840
Apostles Peter and Paul
El Greco, 1614

But the teachings of Christ continued to be brought to people by his disciples, and it spread throughout the world.

1. THE FIRST CHRISTIANS.

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The first Christians in Rome

Last prayer of Christian martyrs

Jerome J.-L., 1883

The first Christians in Rome were persecuted.

Why do you think the Roman authorities persecuted Christians?

1. THE FIRST CHRISTIANS.

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2.SPREADING THE FAITH.

The spread of Christianity in the Roman Empire. The teaching of Christ spread first in the east, among Jews and Greeks, in the countries of Greek speech. The Gospels were written in Greek.

For the first hundred and fifty years there were few followers of Christianity in Rome and the western part of the empire. The Greeks accepted Christianity more quickly because they were softer in morals and more educated.

Christian teaching did not differentiate between people based on their origin. The Apostle says that there is neither Greek nor Jew, neither free nor slave, but all are one in Christ. At first Christians formed small friendly societies. Members of these societies gathered for prayer and general conversation, usually in the evening, in memory of the Last Supper of Christ.

A fraternal meal took place, during which they received communion. Then they began to postpone communion to the morning following the meal. Meals were prepared using general contributions; many added gifts to their contribution in favor of the poor; they wanted to cleanse their souls through alms and charitable deeds. The poor were called the precious treasures of the church. Christians also considered the liberation of a slave a holy deed. To ransom a slave means to save a soul. The Christian bishop Cyprian taught that you must see Christ in your captive brothers and redeem Him who ransomed us from death; you must snatch from the hands of the barbarians the One who snatched us from the devil.

Christians celebrated three days a week, Wednesday, Friday and Sunday, in memory of the captivity of Christ, His martyrdom and resurrection. On holidays, they did not decorate doors and streets with flowers, did not dance in circles, and this was noticeable to those around them. By the middle of the 1st century. In Christianity, many different trends clearly emerged that were in heated debate with each other and with external ideological competitors.

Early Christian communities did not know the dogma and cult of later Christianity. The communities did not have special places for worship, did not know the sacraments or icons. The only thing that was common to all communities and groups was the belief in a voluntary atoning sacrifice made once and for all for the sins of all people by a mediator between God and man. Christian community one could notice the difference between the special zealots of the faith, perfect Christians, and the multitude of uninitiated ones.

Perfect Christians were required to have great perseverance; they were not to fall into grave sin That's why they were called saints and priests. They were baptized, the main secrets of the faith were revealed to them. Baptism was considered equal to great repentance, spiritual enlightenment, and was given only after long preparation. The majority consisted of catechumens, i.e. preparing for baptism. If an initiate fell into sin, he was excommunicated from the community and accepted again only after a long period of repentance.

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The presentation has come to an end, but I’m not saying goodbye, I’m saying see you again

Litvients Daniil Nikolaevich

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What beliefs
existed
these
ancient
In the majority
countries
ancient world
existed
What unites
these religions?
peoples of the world?
pagan
religion.
Ancient Greece
Mesopotamia
Ancient
Egypt

Many religious beliefs in gods by the Romans
borrowed from Greek mythology. Prove it.
Ancient Greek gods
Ancient Roman gods
Zeus
Jupiter
God of the sky
thunder and lightning
Aphrodite
The goddess of love
and beauty
Venus
God is the patron
arts
Apollo
Apollo

In Rome there were gods that everyone worshiped
residents, and family deities to whom
They prayed at home, at the family altar.
Vesta, the goddess, was especially revered
sacred fire, guarding
and family hearth.
Vesta
Ancient Roman statue
The household deities were
lares, geniuses and penates.
Statuette
lara
Home chest where they were kept
images of family deities.
In the center is the genius of the family,
on the edges there are laras.

The Romans also believed in gods
which existed in different
peoples in the provinces.
They put religion under control
states. Positions were introduced
pontiffs - priests who watched
for correct execution
religious rites. Supreme
all the rest obeyed the pontiff
priests.
Augustus statue
in the garb of the great
pontiff with toga,
draped over your head
Rome
This position after Gaius Julius
Emperors began to occupy Caesar.
Which of them do you know?

But diversity
pagan beliefs
didn't allow
to unite all nations
empire based
one religion.
The Pantheon is a temple dedicated to all gods.
Rome. II century n. e.
Rome was destined to become the center of a new religion,
in which people worshiped one god.
This religion came from the East.

In which sacred book are the divine
Jewish
people?
Remember
Which
people
already believed
into one god?
When the commandments
appears
like this
faith
among the Jews?
Moses
Ancient
Judea
II millennium
BC e.

Prove that the commandments of the Jewish people called
to the moral improvement of man.
Honor father and mother.
Don't steal or
covet someone else's.
Don't lie.
Don't kill.

In the 1st century AD e. Judea was a Roman province.
This is where it starts new religion– Christianity.

Preacher of a new religion
became Jesus of Nazareth.
Bethlehem is the place where
according to the gospel
according to legend, born
Jesus Christ.
Nativity of Jesus Christ
Engraving by G. Dore. 1856

About the life of Jesus Christ
is told
in the Gospel,
what's in translation
from Greek –
"good news"
Jesus Christ
Maikov N., XIX century.

2. The Gospel is sacred
book about the life of Jesus Christ

Birth of Jesus Christ
Worship of the Shepherds

Flight to Egypt
Flight to Egypt
Murillo B. E. (Spanish artist), XVII century.

Christ in the desert
Kramskoy I. N., 1872
Jesus Christ has grown up.
It was revealed to him
purpose –
be a preacher
kindness, love for people.
According to
evangelical
According to tradition, Jesus was
endowed with special
the gift that
let him create
miracles.

Acts of Jesus Christ
Resurrection of Jairus' Daughter
Resurrection of Jairus' Daughter
Polenov V.D., 1871

Acts of Jesus Christ
Multiplication of loaves
Miraculous multiplication of loaves
Nesterenko V., 2001

Glory of Jesus Christ
as a person who
helped poor people
eased their suffering
spread among the people.
Jesus with his twelve
disciples (apostles)
contacted in different cities
to the people, urging them to take care
about your soul, doing
good deeds.
Sermon on the Mount
Engraving by G. Dore. 1856
The most famous people became
his Sermon on the Mount.

Sermon on the Mount
According to the Gospel,
In the Sermon on the Mount, Jesus Christ said:
Give to him who asks you, and from him who wants
do not turn away to borrow from you.
Ask, and it shall be given you; look for
and you will find; knock and it will be opened to you.

...how you want to be treated

How do you understand the words
Sermon on the Mount of Jesus Christ?
Give to the one who asks you
and from him who wants to borrow from you
don't be disgusted.
Ask, and it shall be given you;
seek and you will find.
Judge not lest ye be judged.
Sermon
Jesus Christ
Lebedev K.V.,
19th century
And so in everything as you want,
to be treated like you
people, do the same to them.
Why did the teachings of Jesus Christ resonate in souls?
people, and he gained many followers?

Events in Ancient Judea found
reflected in the books of historians.
Josephus, ancient
historian wrote:
Josephus Flavius
“Jesus lived at that time...
He did extraordinary things
and was a teacher of people who
joyfully accepted the truth.
Many Jews followed him.
He was the Christ (Savior).”
Why does Josephus consider Jesus a teacher?

The teachings of Jesus Christ had supporters and opponents,
Jesus
was captured
Jerusalem
Roman
which
wanted to die
preacher
guards,
he was sentenced
to death.
Christ
betrayed by one
of his students
- Judas.
last supper
Fresco. Leonardo da Vinci. 1495–1497

Death of Jesus Christ
Calvary
Munkacsi M. (Hungarian artist), 1884

3. The first Christians in Rome

Resurrection of Jesus Christ
According to the Gospel,
Jesus Christ is risen
from the dead, ascended into heaven.
Christ Risen
Bryullov K. P., 1840
But the teachings of Christ continued to be carried
people are his disciples, and it received
distribution throughout the world.
Apostles Peter and Paul
El Greco, 1614

The first Christians in Rome
Christian martyrs in the Colosseum
Flavitsky K., 1862
Christians are people
who accepted the teaching
Jesus Christ.
First to learn
They believed Christ
the poor of Rome.
Later among Christians
people appeared
from noble families.

The first Christians in Rome
The first Christians
in Rome were subjected
persecution.
Last prayer
Christian martyrs
Jerome J.-L., 1883
Why do you think the Roman authorities subjected
persecution of Christians?

The first Christians did not have
religious buildings.
They often got together
in quarries (catacombs),
where underground temples were created
and cemeteries.
Catacombs of the first Christians

4. Spread of Christianity

313 - decree of Constantine
about tolerance towards Christians
Gradually the ideas of Christ took hold
significant minds and hearts
parts of the Romans. Christian faith
began to accept government
men in power.
Constantine the Great
Ancient Roman sculpture
Emperor Constantine accepted
Christianity as official
religion. Christians appeared
in the Roman provinces.
Why do you think it spread?
Christianity?

Why did it spread
Christianity?
What is the main difference between Christian
religion from paganism?
First characters
christianity with letters
I. H. - Jesus Christ
Christianity is a belief in one God.
Christian faith is based
on the teachings of Jesus Christ.
The main idea in this teaching is
it's moral
human improvement.
Fish is one of the most
common
in ancient times symbols,
personified Christ

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Slide captions:

Culture of Ancient Rome

Marriage in Ancient Rome was considered a sacred sacrament and the support of the state. Most marriages in wealthy families of Ancient Rome were of convenience: to continue the family line, to unite possessions, and also to strengthen political alliances. Among the poor population, calculation often also prevailed, but love marriages were not excluded. Men strictly monitored the morals and behavior of their wives. Partnership of spouses in modern understanding was not required, it was not only unnecessary, but also impossible: in Ancient Rome it was believed that the wife had to devote her life to supporting her husband and caring for him. Marriage

One of the important reasons for marriage was the conclusion of political alliances. For a man, marriage served to strengthen wealth and confirm high civil status. In addition, while the marriage lasted, the husband could control the monetary component of the dowry and expect his wife's family to finance his career. No less important was the birth of legal heirs, who thereby maintained their position in society from generation to generation.

Girls could be married off upon reaching adulthood, that is, at the age of 12, boys at 14. The spouses were not supposed to be related. Marriages in which the husband and wife were relatives up to the 4th generation were considered incest and punishable by death (later exile). To enter into a marriage, the consent of the father of the family was mandatory. Only free Roman citizens had the right to start a family. The girl's father had to pay the dowry within 3 years after the wedding. In the event of the daughter's death, it was returned to the father.

The wedding date was chosen taking into account religious traditions and holidays, beliefs in happy and unlucky days. The second half of June was considered favorable. A prenuptial agreement was not mandatory for marriage, but such an agreement was often drawn up as it regulated issues related to dowry and the formalities of its payment in the event of divorce.

The Roman religion did not have a single church and dogma, but consisted of cults of various deities. Religious rituals related to family life or household and private affairs were performed by the father of the family himself. In the village, he could be replaced by an estate manager with special powers. Official state ceremonies were performed indirectly by certain bearers of supreme power - first by the king through the so-called priestly kings, then by consuls and praetors, and at critical moments - by the dictator. At the same time, the emperor, who combined the function of the Great Pontiff, usually did not express his initiatives. Religion Temple of Portuna. Temple of Vesta.

The institution of priests was introduced according to tradition by Numa Pompilius. At the same time, the Roman priestly colleges were not a closed caste - access to them was open through social activities. So, for example, Cicero and Pliny the Younger achieved the rank of augur, and for example, Caesar and Nero were flamines in their early careers. An important role was played by the college of fetials, which was in charge of the sacred ritual of declaring war and partially supervised Roman diplomacy. The College of Vestal Virgins also played an important role. Altar of the 12 Gods of Rome Jupiter Juno Vulcan Ceres

The Roman pantheon has many analogues greek gods and goddesses, have their own deities and lower spirits. Particularly revered gods were called “fathers.” Divine law was not mixed with human law. Lesser deities existed among the Romans apparently already in an early era. The Greek books “Indigitaments” list the deities of sowing, seed germination, flowering and ripening, harvesting ears, marriage, conception, development of the embryo, birth of a child, his first cry, going for a walk, returning home, etc., in connection with which Initially, for some, gender was not fixed. Apollo Venus Mercury Mars Minerva

From the mass of numinas, the triad of the Roman pantheon stood out - Jupiter, Mars and Quirinus, reflecting the threefold nature of civil functions - respectively religious-priestly, military and economic. From the calendar of holidays attributed to Numa Pompilius and the list of flamines appointed by him, from the references to ancient sanctuaries, it is known about the existence of cults, etc. Around the same time, the colleges of Luperci and Salii were doubled. Class cults appeared (Neptune and Dioscuri among the patricians, Ceres and Liber among the plebeians) and individual family cults (among the Cornelii, Emilians, Claudii and possibly others), grouped around Vesta, Lares and Penates. There were also cults of rural communities. Pantheon Neptune Statue of Jupiter

Roman theater, like Roman drama, is modeled on the Greek Theater, although in some respects it differs from it. The seats for spectators in the Roman Theaters occupy a small semicircle, ending towards the stage along a line parallel to this latter. The stage is twice as long as in Greek, stairs lead from the orchestra to the stage, which was not the case in Greek. The depth of the orchestra is less with the same width; the entrances to the orchestra are narrower; the stage is closer to the center of the audience space. All these differences can be observed in the ruins of many Roman theaters, of which the best preserved are in Aspenia, in Pamphylia, and in Orange (Aransio), in France. Theater

Theater in Ostia Stage performances adorned various annual holidays and were also given on the occasion of important state events, during triumphs, on the occasion of the consecration of public buildings, etc. In addition to tragedies and comedies, atellans (short farcical performances in the spirit of buffoonery), mimes were given , pantomimes, pyrrhic. It is not known exactly whether there were competitions of poets in Rome. In Greece, poets stood high in public opinion, the highest government positions were open to them; in Rome, plays were performed by lower-class people, even slaves. According to this, the craft of an actor was also low valued, lower than the title of equestrian and gladiator; the title of actor imposed a stamp of dishonor.

The actors were usually slaves and freedmen. In general, the theater in Rome did not have that high, serious, educational, as if sacred character with which it had long been distinguished in Greece. Stage games borrowed from Greece little by little gave way to performances that have nothing in common with either tragedy or comedy: mime, pantomime, ballet. The state treated this kind of entertainment without sympathy. dance pantomime with acrobatics and clowning

Reconstruction of the Theater of Pompey Visiting the Theater was free, equally free for men and women, but not for slaves. In order to win over the audience or surprise them with luxury and splendor, the organizers of the games in later times extended their concerns for the public to the point of strewing the theater with flowers, sprinkling it with fragrant liquids, and decorating it richly with gold. Nero ordered a purple cover, studded with gold stars, with the image of the emperor on a chariot, to be stretched over the audience.