Temple of Artemis of Ephesus. Seven Wonders of the World: Temple of Artemis of Ephesus
Temple of Artemis of Ephesus. Artemis was revered in Ephesus as the goddess of the hunt. The Sanctuary of Artemis was the main attraction of ancient Ephesus in Ancient Greece. Construction of the temple lasted 120 years. After the fire, it was rebuilt and became even more beautiful. Inside the temple there was a 15-meter statue of Artemis. The temple was also the most famous museum: a collection of paintings and sculptures.
Slide 8 from the presentation "Seven Wonders of the World". The size of the archive with the presentation is 328 KB.The world around us 3rd grade
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Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, Greece, IV century BC. e. But I only saw the palace of Artemis, its roof raised to the clouds. Everything else faded before him; Outside the boundaries of Olympus, the Sun does not see beauty equal to it anywhere. (Antipater of Sidon)
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According to legend, Artemis was the twin sister of Apollo. According to the beliefs of the ancient Greeks, Artemis took care of everything that lives on earth and grows in the forest and field. She took care of wild animals, herds of livestock, she caused the growth of herbs, flowers and trees. Artemis did not leave people unattended - she gave happiness in marriage and blessed the birth of children. Greek women traditionally made sacrifices to Artemis, the patroness of childbirth.
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Having conceived the construction, the Ephesians were forced to think about where to get marble? Transporting it was expensive. This problem was discussed until two sheep, grazing on the surrounding hills among the gray rocks, began to sort things out. The young shepherd was unable to separate them, and in the midst of the fight, one ram missed and hit the rock with its forehead. A piece broke off from the blow, the shepherd picked it up and it turned out to be marble! The shepherd was awarded and declared a city hero.
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In 550 BC. e., when the completed huge white marble building opened before the eyes of the townspeople, it aroused surprise and admiration. Unfortunately, we do not know exactly how the temple was decorated. It is only known that the best craftsmen of the Greek world took part in the creation of the sculptural decoration of the temple, and the statue of the goddess Artemis was made of gold and ivory.
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Over the centuries, the temple suffered many times from earthquakes, was rebuilt and fell into disrepair from time to time. In 560, Ephesus was conquered by the Lydian king Croesus. The conqueror was not only incredibly rich, but also turned out to be a great admirer of Greek art. He gave money for the construction of the temple, which became larger and better than before: 127 eighteen-meter columns now supported the roof of the temple, at the base of which lay a giant rectangle with sides of 51 and 105 meters.
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Despite natural and other disasters, the temple of Artemis stood for more than a thousand years and died from human pride and vanity. In 356 BC. He burned it, thus wanting to become famous Herostratus, an Ephesian resident. And yet, his name went down in history, although by decision of the city meeting it was supposed to disappear from human memory forever. Official documents refer to him simply as “one madman.”
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MBOU "Sybaikasinskaya secondary school" Morgaushsky district Chuvash Republic Completed by: 5th grade student Vasilyev Daniil Temple of the goddess Artemis in Ephesus
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The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus was built in 550 BC. e. in Turkey by the Lydians, Greeks and Persians in honor of the goddess Artemis. Huge temple Artemis was surrounded by two rows of 127 marble columns. The statue of Artemis herself was made of ivory and gold. The temple was destroyed by fire in 370 BC. e.
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Was known far beyond the city throughout the territory ancient Greece. It has been listed as one of the "Seven Wonders of the World" - a list of the most illustrious attractions Ancient World. Today, the remains of the famous Temple of Artemis are located in the modern Turkish city of Selcuk, not far from the ancient one, and you can visit it by going on an excursion to Ephesus from Marmaris.
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Artemis was revered as the goddess of fertility, the patroness of the moon, animals and hunting, and later as the patroness of chastity and guardian of women in childbirth. The cult of the goddess Artemis was very significant in Ephesus.
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The temple in honor of Artemis was built and rebuilt many times. The place for the temple was not chosen by chance - in ancient times, the sanctuary of the Carian goddess of fertility was located on this site. The original wooden buildings were destroyed by earthquakes, burned in fires and fell into disrepair over time. In the middle of the 6th century BC. The Ephesians decided to build the largest and most beautiful temple for the patroness of the city. King Croesus of Lydia, famous for his wealth, made a large donation for the construction of the temple.
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In order to prevent the temple from being destroyed by earthquakes, the architect Chersiphron from Knossos decided to build a new temple on a swampy area near Ephesus. The soft soil was supposed to absorb ground vibrations during earthquakes. To protect the temple from subsidence into the swampy soil, a huge pit was dug and filled with a multi-meter mixture of coal and wool. The solution was non-standard, but the townspeople approved the project. Construction of the temple began. To deliver the columns to the temple, they made an unusual decision: the columns were not transported on carts that got stuck in soft ground, but were themselves turned into a kind of wheels. A team of oxen was fastened to the rod at the top and bottom of the column, this allowed the columns to obediently roll to their intended place.
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However, Khersiphron did not have time to finish his great creation. Under him, the temple building was demolished and a colonnade was installed. The construction of the temple took 120 years. The temple was completed first by his son Metagenes, and later by Paeonitus and Demetrius.
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The architects Paeonitus and Demetrius completed the construction of the temple by 550 BC. The huge temple of Artemis was 110 meters long and 55 meters wide. Two rows of 18-meter columns surrounded the temple. According to legend, “127 kings donated a column” to the beautiful temple. The roof was not covered with tiles, as was usually done, but with marble slabs. But the temple stood for less than 200 years.
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The temple was severely damaged by fire, and the Ephesians did not spare their savings and decorations to restore it. With the assistance of Alexander the Great, restoration of the temple began on an even larger scale, and by the 3rd century BC. construction was completed. The work was supervised by the architect Alexander Deinocrates (or Heirocrates, according to Strabo), who preserved the previous plan of the temple, erecting it on a higher foundation.
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According to legend, on the night when the future Alexander the Great was born in the capital of Macedonia, a certain Herostratus, wanting to become famous for centuries, burned the Temple of Artemis in 356 BC. Legend says that the goddess Artemis helped the birth of Alexander and could not protect the temple. According to the decision of the city council, the punishment for the criminal should have been his complete oblivion, but despite this, the name has survived to this day, becoming a household name.
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Amazed by the scale of the new creation, Alexander the Great offered the Ephesians to cover all current and future expenses for the creation of the temple, with the condition that his name should be in the dedicatory inscription. The Ephesians refused, diplomatically answering: “It is not fitting for a god to erect temples to other gods.” The temple at Ephesus remained the temple of Artemis.
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Another legend has reached our time. As a token of gratitude to Alexander the Great for his participation in the restoration of the temple after the fire, the residents of the city of Ephesus commissioned the artist Apelles to paint a portrait of the commander. In the portrait he was depicted like Zeus with lightning in his hand. The customers paid the artist as much as twenty-five gold talents. The amount went down in history, since over the next three centuries not a single artist managed to receive such a sum for one canvas.
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The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus was not only the site of the cult of the fertility goddess Artemis, but also the business and financial center of ancient Ephesus. It was completely independent from the authorities of Ephesus and was ruled by priests. As the Architect Khersiphron had hoped, the temple of Artemis in the swamp stood for almost five hundred years. During the Roman era, it began to be called the Temple of Diana, and emperors gave it gold and silver statues. The wealth and beauty of the temple brought it great fame and placed it among the seven wonders of the world. According to legends, the goddess Artemia did not want to part with her habitat. The Ephesians expelled the Apostle Paul and those who decided to follow him. For this they received punishment.
Seven Wonders of the World: Temple of Artemis of EphesusTEMPLE OF ARTEMIS AT EPHESUS - a majestic temple in honor of Artemis, goddess of the moon, patroness of animals and young girls. Built in 560 BC. King Croesus of Lydia in the city of Ephesus on the coast of Asia Minor, north of the Meander River.
Considered one of the so-called "seven wonders of the world"; was the center of veneration of the goddess Artemis, whose cult merged with the cult of the local goddess of fertility, depicted as a nursing mother.
The temple was built on swampy soil, the foundation was previously strengthened to avoid destruction from earthquakes that were frequent in those places. Architects Chersifon and Metagenes from the island of Crete erected a rectangular temple (55 × 105 m), which was surrounded by 127 Ionic columns 18 m high. There were 8 columns in each of the two rows of the main facade. The construction of the temple lasted 120 years, it was completed by the architects Peonit and Demetrius.
In 356 BC A resident of Ephesus, Herostratus, deciding to become famous and perpetuate his name, set fire to the famous temple, the walls were damaged in the fire, and the roof collapsed. It was decided to rebuild the sanctuary. Using the collected funds, the architect Kheirokrat rebuilt the temple, making minor changes: the base of the temple was raised and the number of steps was increased. Inside there was a huge statue of Artemis in the form of a nursing mother (15 m). The sculpture was made of wood, clothes and jewelry were made of gold. The following centuries brought a lot of destruction: in 263 the temple was plundered by the Goths; during the Byzantine Empire, the marble slabs of the temple were used for other buildings; later, on the site of the temple, a now unpreserved Christian church. But the greatest destruction was caused by the swampy soil on which the temple was located. As a result of excavations, the foundation of the structure and fragments of columns decorated with reliefs have now been found; they are in the British Museum.
The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus is one of the Seven Wonders of the World - the most famous monuments sculpture and architecture, described by ancient historians and travelers, incl. “father of history” Herodotus (b. c. 484 – d. c. 425 BC) in his History. This number, along with the Temple of Artemis (c. 550 BC) and the ancient Egyptian pyramids (3 thousand BC), included the Hanging Gardens of Babylon (7th century BC), the mausoleum at Halicarnassus (mid. 4th century BC), Colossus of Rhodes (statue of Helios on Rhodes, c. 292–280 BC), statue of Zeus in Olympia (Greece, c. 430 BC), lighthouse on Pharos Island in Alexandria (Egypt, 3rd century BC).
Almost entirely only the pyramids have survived to this day. Near the city of Hilla in Iraq there are ruins of vaulted structures: apparently, “hanging gardens” were laid out on their roofs. The British Museum in London contains fragments of sculpture from the Halicarnassus mausoleum (sculptors Scopas, Timofey, Briaxis, Leochares). From the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus (Ionian dipter), rebuilt by architect. Heirokrat, the foundations have been preserved. Other “wonders of the world” are known only from images and descriptions.
Why did Herostratus burn the temple of Artemis of Ephesus?
Herostratus is a Greek from the city of Ephesus (Asia Minor), who in 366 BC. burned the Temple of Artemis of Ephesus, considered one of the seven wonders of the world. He did this only (as he confessed during torture) so that his name would reach posterity. Although the inhabitants of Ephesus decided not to pronounce his name, Herostratus was mentioned by the ancient Greek historian Theopompus (4th century BC). According to legend, the temple burned down on the very night when Alexander the Great was born. The name Herostratus has acquired a household name for people trying to gain “Herostratus glory” to the detriment of cultural and natural monuments.